社会世界与物理世界不同,因为它是人造的,因此有几乎无穷种可能。所以,与自然科学不同,经济学的科学进步不是来自用更好的模型取代旧模型,而是扩大模型数量,每个模型能够让我们能够认识不同的社会现象。19世纪末以来,日益数学化和统计化的经济学表现出科学的虚荣,而经济学界被指责犯下了各种罪行。这些指控常常来自外部人士,那些非正统的边缘派——指控包括经济学界太过傲慢、无视收入以外的社会目标、 The social world is different from the physical one because it is man-made and therefore has almost infinite possibilities. So, unlike natural science, the scientific advances in economics do not come from replacing older models with better models, but from expanding models, each of which allows us to recognize different social phenomena. Since the late 19th century, the increasingly mathematical and statistical economics has shown vanity of science, while economists have been accused of committing crimes. Often these allegations come from outsiders, those who are unorthodox marginalized - allegations include too arrogant economists, disregard of social goals other than income,