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单链抗体(single chain variable fragment,ScFv)是利用基因工程技术衍生出来的一种小分子工程性抗体。单链抗体由抗体的重链可变区(heavy chain,VH)和轻链可变区(light chain,VL),通过一段人工合成的多肽序列(Linker)连接而成,其大小只有完整抗体的1/6,但完全保持了抗体与特异性抗原结合的能力。由于单链抗体是抗体重链与轻链可变区的融合表达蛋白,所以在各种细胞内表达后无须组装即能保持活性,且易于纯化。单链抗体具有分子质量小、穿透力强、半衰期短、抗原结合特异性强、免疫原性弱和可以在多种宿主细胞中表达的特点而备受科研工作者的关注,并广泛应用于基础研究和疾病的诊断与治疗过程中,其中在肿瘤的诊断和治疗过程中研究最深入应用最广泛[1-2]。本文主要针对单链抗体技术及其在肿瘤治疗中的研究应用进展进行综述。
Single chain variable fragment (ScFv) is a small molecule engineering antibody derived from genetic engineering. Single-chain antibodies are made up of a heavy chain (VH) and a light chain (VL) of an antibody linked by a synthetic linker. The size of a single chain antibody is only the size of an intact antibody 1/6, but fully retains the ability of the antibody to bind to a specific antigen. Since single-chain antibodies are fusion proteins expressed in variable regions of the heavy chain and the light chain of an antibody, they remain active without being assembled after being expressed in various cells, and are easy to be purified. Single-chain antibodies have the characteristics of small molecular mass, strong penetrating power, short half-life, strong antigen-binding specificity, weak immunogenicity and can be expressed in a variety of host cells, and are widely used by researchers Basic research and disease diagnosis and treatment process, of which the most in-depth study of cancer diagnosis and treatment of the most widely used [1-2]. This article focuses on single-chain antibody technology and its application in the treatment of cancer research progress.