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Drilling, grouting and Drainage wells
1. General 概述
The Contractor shall keep on the Site sufficient plant to meet the requirements of the works. The plant and equipment shall be in good operating condition and capable of efficiently performing the work specified. Site investigation work shall be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of BS5930 unless otherwise specified herein.
承包商应有充分的现场设备以满足工程需要。这些现场机械和仪器应有良好的工作性能，能高效地履行指定的工作。现场调查根据BS5930规范的要求进行，除非另有规定。
2. Drilling equipment 钻井装备
Rotary machines shall be capable of drilling vertical, inclined or horizontal holes. The inclination of the hole shall be checked by suitable instruments. Rotary drilling machines for exploratory holes shall be capable of drilling to 300ft depth with a minimum 4 inches size hole and shall comprise standard hydraulic feed type rigs with diamond or tungsten carbide tipped rotary drills and rock roller or similar bits for drilling without core recovery. Bit, core barrels and casing shall conform to BS4019 Part I or an approved equivalent. Coring bits shall, unless the Engineer directs otherwise, be of the side discharge type designed to prevent contact between the core and the flow of drilling fluid. Core recovery equipment shall be double tube ball-bearing swivel type core barrels with the core lifter located in the lower end of the inner barrel. The use of triple tube equipment, split inner barrels or plastic liners for inner barrels shall be adopted where suitable to aid sample recovery.
回轉机械应既可钻垂直孔、斜孔，也可钻水平孔。孔的斜度应用合适的仪器进行检测。钻勘探孔的旋转钻机要能将直径至少4in的勘探井钻到300ft深。此种旋转钻机由标准液压钻塔配带金刚石，或碳化钨合金尖头旋转钻头和振动滚筒，或类似的钻头组成。这种钻机在钻勘探井时不取芯样。钻头、取芯管和套管应符合BS4019规范第1部分的要求，或遵循类似的规范标准。取芯钻头应是侧向拆卸型的（除非工程师另有规定），此种设计避免了岩芯与钻井流液／钻探泥浆的直接接触。取芯装置由带滚珠轴承的旋转式双取芯管组成，管底端内装有取芯器。如果有助于取芯的话，可用三管取芯器、内分裂式取芯管或塑料内层取芯管。
If air-flush drilling is permitted by the Engineer, adequate dust suppression equipment shall be fitted to drilling machines.
如果允许用气喷的话，钻机上应装配合适的消尘装置。
Percussion equipment capable of drilling to depths of 150ft shall be supplied for drilling exploratory holes. Percussion equipment shall be of the cable-tool type except where otherwise approved by the Engineer. Water jet equipment shall not be used.
承包商要提供能够钻到150FT深的冲击钻来打勘探井。冲击钻为钢线绳冲击钻型的，除非工程师批准使用别样的钻机。不能使用喷水式设备。
Sampling equipment to be provided shall include 4 inches (U4) undisturbed sampler, piston samplers, double and triple tube core barrels and equipment for performing Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs). Equipment to be furnished by the Contractor for carrying out SPTs shall include split tube sampler drive shoes with core-catcher and cone-ended adaptor of 51mm outer diameter "A" or "AW" rods for depths less than 15m and "N" or "NW" rods for depths more than 15m, 63. 5kg Donut hammer, manila rope and free running pulley, guide pipe and driving head. Supplies shall include all casing, pumps, power, tools for sampling and container for preserving samples. The anvil shall have 65mm height, 88mm diameter and a weight of 2. 5kg.In all respects the equipment shall conform to ASTM D1586.
取样设备包括4IN的非扰动取样器、活塞取样器、双管或三管取样器以及能进行标准穿透测试的仪器。承包商用来进行标准穿透测试的仪器包括分裂管式取样器的套筒靴，并配有取芯钻夹／取芯器和适配两种型号钻杆的锥形适配器（外径为51 mm的A型或AW型钻杆适用15m以下的钻井，外径为51mm的N型或NW型钻杆适用于15m以上的钻井），还包括63.5kg的饼状锤／DONUT锤、麻绳、轻便滑轮、导管和驱动头。承包商还应提供套管、水泵、动力以及所有取样工具和存储样品的容器。砧座高65mm，直径88mm，重2.5kg。设备的各个方面应符合ASTM D 1586规范的要求。
3. Core boxes 储芯盒
Core boxes shall be made of 0.75in thick lumber with 0.75 in thick partitions, and shall be safe against attack by termites. The bottoms shall be screwed on and the covers shall be hinged and securely padlocked at the end of each working period. Carrying handles shall be provided at each end of the box. No box shall contain more than 18ft of core from neither 4 inches holes nor more than 10ft.of core from holes larger than 4 in hole.
储芯箱／盒由0.75in厚的木材制成，并装有0.75in厚木条隔板。储芯盒应安全耐用，不因白蚁的蚕食而破坏。箱底要装上螺丝钉，箱盖要装上铰链。在每个工作段结束时用挂锁安全地锁上芯箱。盒子两端装上搬运把柄。芯盒里不能容纳来自4in钻孔中的18ft以上的芯样，也不能容纳来自更大孔径的孔中10ft以上的芯样。
A separate continuous plastic sheet shall be provided to wrap all the cores placed in each channel formed by the partitions in the core boxes. The sheet shall be wide enough to wrap around the core with an overlap of between 2 in and 3 in. Adhesive tape, to seal the edges and ends of the plastic wrapping, shall be suitable for damp as well as dry conditions and shall be suitable for unsealing without tearing the plastic wrapping.
芯盒中的巖芯须用一整块塑料膜将其包裹好，分开放在木条隔板形成的隔栏里。塑料膜要有足够的宽度能够完全裹住芯样，封口要有2-3in的搭叠。用来封帖塑料包裹边口和两端的粘胶带既要适应潮湿状态又要适应干燥条件，且要便于启封而不撕破塑料包裹。
The core boxes shall become the property of the Employer after the core has been permanently placed therein.
岩芯被运到永久安置地之后将成为业主的财产。
4. Temporary core shed 临时芯棚
The Contractor shall provide a temporary lockable core shed or sheds large enough to contain all the boxes of core and to allow easy inspection of the core while protected from the weather. Adequate lighting shall be provided. The core sheds shall be located at a safe distance from construction activity.
承包商应提供一个可锁的临时芯棚。储芯棚的大小要能容得下所有的芯盒，方便查看芯样，且不受天气的影响。要有足够的光线。储芯棚的位置距工作区应有安全的距离。
Drilling equipment for grout holes灌浆孔的钻孔设备
All drilling machines for grout holes shall be capable of drilling to a depth of 150ft. with a minimum diameter of 1.5 in. They shall be drilled with water/air flush throughout or as approved by the Engineer.No core recovery will be required.
灌浆孔的钻机要能够钻到150ft的深度，最小直径要有1.5in。整个钻井过程应用注水或注气方法推进，或按工程师批准的方法。不取芯样。
6. Grouting equipment 灌浆设备
Grout equipment shall be capable of providing a continuous flow of 200 litre/min to the grout holes at pressures up to l000kPa measured at the entry to the hole. A separate plant shall be supplied for each grouting operation in progress.
灌浆设备要能进行持续灌浆，速度为2001-/min，井口压力达到1000kPa。每一灌浆作业的进行须提供独立的灌浆设备。
Grout pumps shall be variable pressure, ram type, continuous supply pumps. The pumps shall be capable of applying a steady pressure to the hole without cyclical fluctuation produced by a reciprocating pump. Each pump shall be provided with two mixing tanks of not less than 300 litres capacity, each tank having a mechanical mixer and arranged so that grout is mixed in the first tank and delivered through a screen to the second tank for holdover if required. The suction branch of the grout pump shall be connected only to the delivery branch of the second tank. Under no circumstances shall grouting rigs rely on the direct application of air pressure for injection.
灌浆输送泵为持续输入型的，压力的大小可根据需要进行调节。承包商在向孔内注浆时，所用泵应能够提供均衡的压力而不会因循环泵而产生周期性波动。每台泵上配两个容积300L以上的搅拌桶，每个搅拌桶都有一个机械搅拌器。浆液在一个桶里搅拌，通过一个滤网送到另一个桶里暂储（如果必要的话）。灌浆泵的吸浆管，只与第二个搅拌桶的输出管相连接。无论如何灌浆机也不能直接应用气体压强进行灌浆。
The Contractor shall provide water tanks of sufficient capacity for grouting, flushing, water testing and drilling operations, which shall be fitted with adequate by-pass pipes and fittings for multipurpose use. Water supplies to the grout mixing tanks shall be metered at each mixing tank. Where bentonite is incorporated in the grout, separate mixing tanks shall be provided in which the bentonite/water can be prepared and kept agitated, until required. Complete hydration of the bentonite shall be achieved either by the use of colloidal mixers or by other means approved by the Engineer.
承包商應提供多个充足容量的水箱，水箱上配有适量的迂回管和其他配件。此水箱可用于多种目的，如灌浆、冲洗、水质测试和钻井活动。供给搅拌桶的水要在每个搅拌桶内进行测量。如果浆液中需要加人膨润土的话，须得提供独立的搅拌桶用以盛膨润土和水，并持续搅拌直至满足需要为止。无论是使用胶浆搅拌机还是使用其他许可的方法，都得让膨润土充分水化后才能使用。
The Contractor shall provide such valves, by-passes, pressure hose, pipe and fittings as are necessary, in the opinion of the Engineer, to provide accurate grout pressure control regardless of how small the grout tank may be. Grout shall be pumped to the connection at the collar of the hole and a return hose to the mixing tank shall be provided, with the necessary control valves, to allow grout to be circulated. Recording pressure gauges shall be provided between the pump delivery and the collar of the hole. A pressure gauge shall be provided at each collar. Pressure gauges shall be fitted with a liquid-resisting diaphragm device to preclude grout entering the coil. The Contractor shall ensure that grout temperature at point of injection is not more than 40C at all times.
如果工程师认为有必要，承包商应提供阀门、迂回管、压力软管、刚性管和其他必要配件用于精确控制灌浆压力，无论灌浆桶多么小。浆液被灌浆泵抽到井口的连接管内，再送至井内。需要提供一个回浆软管通向搅拌桶，配置必要的控制阀使得浆液能够循环。浆液输送泵和井口之间须装上读数压力表。各个井口都要装上一个压力表。压力表应装上液体隔离装置，防止浆液进入到了表内。要确保浆液注入点的浆液温度无论何时都不能超过40C。
Pressure gauges and water meters shall be of a range suitable for the pressures and flows being used at each hole. The instruments shall be calibrated at the start of the grouting operations and thereafter once per 100 hours of operation and whenever the Engineer directs.Packers shall be designed so that they can be expanded to seal the drill hole at all levels within the range of grouting depths and to withstand for a period of five minutes, without leakage, a water pressure of 25% in excess of the maximum grout pressures to be used. Mechanically expanded packers may be used at the collar of the hole(for stage grouting), but pneumatic or hydraulic packers shall be used where the packer has to be sealed at depth.
压力表和水表要适合各个孔内的液体压力和流量要求。在灌浆作业开始之前，要对各个表进行校正，以后每工作100小时校正一次或听从工程师的指示。灌浆塞为可膨胀型的，能在灌浆过程中的任意深度封住灌浆孔，并且能够5分钟内经受超出最大灌浆压力25％的水压力且不渗水。井口用机械膨胀灌浆塞，井内用风动或液压膨胀灌浆塞。
7. Grouting materials 灌浆材料
The composition of the grout for any part of the grouting operation shall be as directed by the Engineer and shall consist of all or any of the following ingredients: Ordinary Portland cement and water complying in all respects with the requirement for those materials in Section 5, Concrete Work. Bagged cement shall be used only; Sand which has been washed clean, with a maximum size of 0.2mm and otherwise confirming to BS882; Bentonite of good quality, containing less than 10% sand and silt and having a liquid limit of not less than 400; Additives comprising bentonite and admixtures to improve or change the quality and characteristics of the grout and which have been approved by the Engineer.
若需要时，要用上合适直径的套管。套管的大小要合适，插入的方式要便于拔出。套管须慢慢拔出。在拔出的过程中，要让回填的面或灌浆的浆液面始终高于套管底面。当某一孔的套管已开始外拔而又未完成时，承包商要尽可能避免将此项工作留到第二天去做。
Any hole which becomes clogged or obstructed by caving or for any other reason before completion of the operations shall be cleaned out to the satisfaction of the Engineer, or an additional hole shall be drilled. Blasting shall not be allowed for breaking up material encountered in a hole except with the written permission of the Engineer.
无论哪一孔在钻探未完成而因坍陷或其他原因导致堵塞，承包商须将其清理十净直至工程师满意，或者再另外钻一个孔。不允许用爆破的方法炸开孔内遇到的材料，除非工程师书面许可。
Any hole that is abandoned before work on it is completed and any hole from which unsatisfac tory samples have been obtained or in which unsatisfactory tests have been performed or in which grouting has been unsatisfactory due to the negligence of the contractor shall be rejected and re placed by another hole adjacent to the original location. The exact location of any such replacement hole will be specified by the Engineer. Penetration of a replacement hole to the depth to which the rejected hole was satisfactorily completed may be made by any method selected by the Contractor which, in the opinion of the Engineer, will permit satisfactory completion of the replacement hole and any testing, sampling or grouting below that depth.
無论哪一个工作没有完成就被废弃的孔，以及无论哪一个取样不令人满意的孔；或现场试验不令人满意的孔；或因承包商的失职而导致的灌浆不令人满意的孔都不被验收，且须在临近原孔的位置再钻一个孔来取代原废弃孔。替代孔的确切位置由工程师规定。承包商应选择一个好的方法，使替代孔圆满地穿透到废弃孔所达到的深度，并让工程师认为该方法能够圆满的完成废弃孔深度以下的替代孔的钻探、测试、取样或灌浆活动。
Logs of exploratory and instrument holes and holes for drainage wells shall be provided on forms supplied by the Contractor in accordance with examples which will be provided by the Engineer. They shall include descriptions of all strata and details of samples taken, and an account of all observations and field tests and shall conform to BS5930.
勘探孔、检测孔和排水井记录应由承包商以表格的形式提供给工程师，表格的样式应仿照工程师提供的样表。这些记录包括所有地层和获取样品的说明情况、观测报告和现场试验情况，并且须符合BS5930规范要求。
Two draft copies shall be submitted to the Engineer not more than two weeks after the hole is backfilled. The presence of the Engineer, who may keep separate drilling records, shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his responsibilities for keeping records.
在回填完成之后两周之内须向工程师提交两份记录初稿。现场工程师可能会保持独立记录，但这绝不能使承包商免除作记录的责任。
3. Rotary drilling of exploratory hole 勘探井的旋转钻井
The Contractor may be required to carry out drilling to obtain cores to investigate sub surface conditions, or to establish the effectiveness of the grouting operations. The Engineer will define the length of each hole from which core shall be recovered.
承包商可能需要钻井来获取芯样，以便调查表下层地质情况，或确立有效的灌浆方法。工程师将对取芯孔的深度做出规定。
Where core recovery is required by the Engineer, the minimum size of core shall be 4 in ches.
如果工程师要求取芯，所取芯的最小尺寸为4in。
Drilling shall be carried out by using double and triple tube core barrels in such a manner that the maximum amount of core is recovered. Coring runs shall normally be limited to 6 ft. When the core recovery is less than 80%, coring runs shall be limited to 1.5 ft. unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.
双管或三管取芯管钻井时要争取获得最多的芯样。（孔内）取芯长度通常规定为6ft。如果取芯率低于80%，取芯长度将减小到1.5ft，除非工程师另有指示。
4. Percussion drilling of exploratory holes勘探井／孔的冲击钻井
Where exploratory holes are drilled by percussion method, the Contractor shall avoid any unnecessary disturbance to the material and shall ensure that: The water level in the hole shall be maintained slightly above the water table in the permeable stratum. During percussion drilling below the water level the casing shall be kept at least 6 in ahead of the bottom of the hole, except where, in the opinion of the Engineer, it is impossible to advance the casing so far. The bottom of the casing shall never be higher than 6 in above the bottom of the hole except where the Engineer has ordered a borehole to be deepened without lowering casing to form a greater length of open hole for permeable testing. Close-fitting tools shall be withdrawn slowly to void suction pressures.
当用冲击钻开钻勘探井时，承包商要避免一切不必要的扰动材料，并且要保证：井里的水位要保持略高渗水地层的地下水位。在水位以下冲击钻孔期间，套管至少要比井底前进6in，除非工程师认为不可能使套管前进那么深。套管底决不能比井底高出6in以上，除非工程师指令不进套管而把井凿深，露出更长的裸井段便于渗水测试。紧贴井壁的工具要慢慢拔出，以避免吸附压力。
The internal diameter of the casing used to support the percussion drill holes shall be not less than 300mm.
用于支撑冲击钻机井的套管内壁直径不能小于300mm。
The casing shall never be in advance of the bottom of a hole by more than 6 in during undisturbed sampling or standard penetration tests. When instructed by the Engineer, it shall be withdrawn so that the bottom of the casing is less than 6 in below or level with the base of the hole at the time of sampling or testing.
在非扰动取样和标准穿透测试期间，套管深于井底决不能超过6in。如果工程师要求，在取样或测试的时候慢慢将套管拔出，使深人井底以下的套管不足6in，或与井底齐平。
When directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall suspend percussion drilling, clear the hole of any obstacles and set up a standby rotary rig to drill in advance of the bottom of the percussion drill hole. Casing of 5 in diameter shall be lowered to the bottom of the hole before starting of rotary drilling and shall be kept as close as practicable to the bottom of the rotary drill hole. After the completion of rotary drilling and any tests ordered to be carried out, the 5 in diameter casing shall be pulled out of the hole, the rotary rig shall be removed and shifted to its stand-by position, and the hole shall be cleared of any obstacle which may hinder the resumption of percussion drilling to advance the hole.The material removed from all percussion holes, shall be laid out in sequence on a clean dry board for examination by the Engineer. All the material displayed shall be protected from adverse effects of the weather including sun and rain.
工程師要求时，承包商应暂停冲击钻井，把井内障碍物清理干净，将备用的旋转钻机搭架起来，在冲击钻所钻深度的基础上继续往下钻。在开旋转钻机之前，先将直径为5in套管插人井底，尽可能与旋转钻机的井底钻头保持近距离。在旋转钻井期间，承包商应在5in套管顶部管口装上一个“T"型块堵住回水，使之从大口直径的套管中涌出来，便于取样来断明开凿的基本情况。如果工程师要求的话，承包商可以用这个5in的套管来执行标准穿透测试和非扰动取样过程。旋转钻井和要求的各种测试完成之后，此5in的套管可以从井中取出，旋转钻机也将撤出，转为备用状态，再用冲击钻接着往下钻。妨碍冲击钻机继续钻井的井内障碍物将彻底被清除干净。冲击钻机钻出的材料将一线儿摆开置于干净、干燥的木板上，便于工程师检查。所有摆置的材料要保护好避免天气的负面影响，包括阳光和雨水的影响。
Grouting 灌浆
1. Grouting-general 灌浆-概述
Grout shall be in a colloidal form attained by high-speed mixing by mechanical means.
灌浆浆液应通过机械方式高速搅拌成胶质状态。
Bentonite shall be dispersed by an approved high shear-rate mixer and retained for 24 hours so that it is fully hydrated before addition to the cement.
（拌水后的）膨润土须用许可的高速剪力搅拌机彻底搅散，并在掺人水泥之前存留于搅拌机24小时，使之充分水化。
No grouting above or below any concrete structure shall be done at any location until 14 days have elapsed from the placing of the concrete.
无论任何混凝土结构之上或之下任何部位的灌浆活动，必须要待该混凝土的浇筑满14天以后才能进行。
As the work progresses, the Engineer may decide that parts of the areas already grouted require future grouting. In this event, the equipment shall be returned and additional holes drilled and grouted as required by the Engineer.
在灌浆的过程之中，已经灌浆区域的某些部位可能需要进一步灌浆，这些部位由工程师指定。碰到这样的情况，不得不把设备再搬回来，按照工程师的要求再钻一些另外的孔，重新灌浆。
2. Grouting method 灌浆方法
The grouting methods to be employed shall comprise any of the following:cavity grouting to fill voids between the concrete lining of galleries and surrounding Foundation Material;fissure grouting to reduce the permeability of Foundation Material.
所用的灌浆方法应该包括：空穴灌浆，廊道混凝土衬里和周围基础材料之间空洞填塞灌浆；裂缝灌浆，目的为了减少基础材料的渗漏。
3. Cavity grouting procedure 空穴灌浆程序
Prior to the placement of concrete lining, high spots in the Foundation Material shall be accu rately mapped or otherwise marked to facilitate cavity grouting later. Marking may consist of instal ling grout pipes tightly to inside the face of the concrete lining prior to placing the lining.
在混凝土衬里浇筑之前，基础材料中的凸鼓部位应精确地绘制成图，或作卜其他标记，便于后来的空穴灌浆。包括浇筑混凝土衬里之前，紧贴混凝土衬里面安装灌浆管作为标记。
Holes shall be drilled through the concrete and 150 mm into the Foundation Material at regular intervals and at other points where the lining gives indications of voids. Air release or vent pipes extending to the Foundation Material and fitted with plug cocks shall be built into the holes through which grout injections are to be made. The Engineer may direct the loca tion of additional cavity grouting holes.
鉆孔应穿过混凝土，进入到基础材料中150mm的地方，或深人到通过衬里混凝土显现空穴的地方。钻孔过程夹杂着有规律的间息。深人到基础材料、装有塞嘴的通风管／排气管应安装到灌浆孔里。其他空穴灌浆孔的位置可能由工程师来指定。
No earlier than 28 days after a concrete lining has been placed in a gallery, cavity grouting shall be carried out as a continuous process commencing at one end of the gallery and ad vancing towards the other end.
某一廊道的裂缝灌浆至少要等到该廊道的衬里混凝土浇筑完后28天才能进行。空穴灌浆应连续进行，从廊道的一端开始一直灌到另一端结束。
A 1 : 3 sand-cement mixture having a "bleed" of less than 5% shall be injected at a pressure not exceeding 300 kPa measured at the point of injection and the operation shall be continued until no further grout is accepted. The water-cement ratio shall be proposed by the Contractor and ap proved by the Engineer. Mesh funnel shall be used to filter the grout at the point of injection. The Contractor shall incorporate bentonite or other additives into this mix as directed by the Engineer if such additives shall be found necessary to control "bleed" of the mixture to less than 5%. Holes drilled prior to grouting shall be plugged by grout. If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the leakage of the grout from any hole is such as to indicate that the void behind the hole is full of grout, that hole shall be plugged or caulked without delay.
漿液是由砂和水泥按1:3的比例配制而成。流渗率／流失率小于5％。从注人点测得的灌浆压力不能超过300kPa。灌浆过程应持续进行直至浆液不能进人。水和水泥的比率由承包商提出，工程师批准。在浆液注人点安置一个网式漏斗来过滤浆液。如果必须要用膨润土或其他掺和剂来控制浆液的流失率在5％以下的话，那么这样的掺和剂按工程师要求的分量掺人。已钻好的孔在灌浆之前要用水泥浆填塞起来。如果（在工程师看来）某孔里的浆液渗漏已经显示该孔背后的空洞已注满了浆液，这样的孔应立即封口堵塞。
Once the grout has set, the Contractor shall return and re-drill adjacent to every original fourth hole and inject a water-cement grout with water-cement ratio equal to 0. 83 by vol ume, and if necessary, repeat this process until the Engineer is satisfied that the operation of cavity grouting has been thoroughly completed and there are no voids left along the interface between the concrete lining and the rock surface.
浆液一旦凝固，钻井工作就得重新开始。重新开钻的方法是挨着原始孔钻，每间隔4个孔再钻一个。用水和水泥体积比为0.83的水泥浆灌注。若有必要的话，反复按此方法重复钻孔、注浆，直至混凝土的衬里和岩石面之间再没有空洞，空穴灌浆达到了充分、彻底的状态，工程师也感到满意。
The Contractor may be required to carry out water pressure tests on completion of the cavity grouting procedure. The pressures to be adopted shall not exceed the maximum grou ting pressure by more than 25%.
空穴灌浆程序完成之后，可能会要求承包商进行水压测试。水压测试所用的压力不能超过最大灌浆压力25%。
4. Fissure grouting procedure 裂缝灌浆程序
Fissure grouting of Foundation Material shall be carried out using tube-a-manchette which is a metallic tube or suitable plastic tube provided with holes that are covered by rubber sleeves. The tube-a-manchette shall be installed into the drill hole protected using a temporary casing. Weak, bentonite-stabilised cement grout will then be injected between the casing and the tube to form a sheathing and the temporary casing shall be progressively removed as directed by the Engineer. A double packer shall then be lowered to each rubber sleeve location and grout pressure applied. The rubber sleeve will deform under the grout pressure allowing the injection of grout into the surround ing material. After cessation of grout injection, the double packer shall remain in place until there is no back pressure. The double packer shall then be moved to the next section to be grouted, thus successively grouting the hole in sections at the specified pressures until the entire hole is grouted. The grouting shall be conducted either by the downstage or upstage method as directed by the Engi neer.
基础材料的裂缝灌浆须用一种管式灌浆器。此种灌浆设备是由一种带孔的金属管或合适的塑料管构成的，孔眼用橡皮套塞着。灌浆前先将其安装在钻孔中，并用套管临时的保护起来。然后将加了膨润土的、稳定的淡水泥浆注入这种灌浆管（器）和临时套管之间，形成一种壁套，然后按照工程师的要求将临时套管逐步退出（移出）。一并双塞的灌浆塞将依次深人到每个橡皮套的位置，然后施用灌浆压力。在灌浆压力的作用下，橡皮套随之变形，使得浆液渗进周边的材料，从而起到灌浆的效果。某部位一次注浆过程停止以后，直至此处再没有回冲压力时，才能将灌浆塞移走到另一个待灌浆的部位。就这样连续地、逐段地按照规定的压力进行灌浆，直至整个孔浇注完毕。灌浆法既可采用从上往下的方法，也可采用从下向上的方法，听工程师的安排。
The grouting pipe shall be flushed at regular intervals to flush any grout which may have leaked in the pipe.
灌浆管要定时冲洗，以洗掉有可能遗漏在管中的浆液。
The Contractor may propose a device alternate to the tube-a-manchette for grouting the Foundation Material.
对于基础材料的灌浆，承包商可以建议用别样的灌浆装置，而不用管式灌浆器。
The closure method of grouting shall be adopted wherever practical. In this method, in termediate grout holes are drilled mid-way between two previously grouted holes. Grout holes shall be designated as "primaries", "secondaries", tertiaries, etc. , such that primary holes are those grouted first, secondary holes are the intermediate holes drilled between the primaries which have been grouted, and the tertiary holes are those drilled between primaries and secondaries which have been grouted. Unless authorized by the Engineer, primary grouting shall be advanced at least 15ft. a-head of secondary grouting, and so on for each phase of grouting.
只要可能，就要采用封闭灌浆法。这种方法就是在原先已浇灌好的两孔间再钻一个“中间孔”。运用这种灌浆方法的灌浆孔被称之为“第一道孔，第二道孔，第三道孔…”。第一道孔为首先被灌浆的一批孔，第二道孔为那些已经浇注好了的第一批孔间的“中间孔”。同样，第三道孔为那些已浇注好了的第一道孔和第二道孔间的“中间孔”。如果工程师没有特别的授权，一般情况下，第一道孔的灌浆至少要比第二道孔的灌浆深度深出15ft，第二道灌浆比第三道深15ft. . .，依次类推。
All holes to be grouted shall be water pressure tested as described in Clause 4-6. 01.
所有待灌漿的孔都要按照4-6.01条款进行水压测试。
The water-cement ratio of the grout mix and the variation of this mix during the grou ting shall be decided by the Engineer during execution of the grouting works, keeping in view the grout injection behaviour.
灌浆期间，浆液配合比中的水和水泥含量以及配合比的变更由工程师视灌浆情况而定。
Grouting shall be terminated in each section at refusal which shall be deemed to occur when the grout take over a ten minute period is not greater than 2 litres per metre length of the stage being injected.
当浆液“吃不消”了的时候，某一段的灌浆活动就该终结了。“吃不消”指的是：每米的灌浆段每10分钟浆液吸收量不足2L的情况发生时。
Once the grouting of a section has been started, it shall be continued as far as is reasona bly practical without interruption until refusal is achieved. Should it be necessary to inter rupt an injection before it is complete (for instance if there is a plant breakdown), about 500 litre of clean water shall be run into the hole before it is allowed to stand.
一旦某一段的灌浆活动业已开始，按理讲，就应该尽可能不间断地持续下去直至“吃不消”。万一发生实在需要中断的情形（如：某一灌浆设备坏了）时，在允许停灌之前，须向孔中灌注约5001的干净水。
Grouting pressure will be determined by the Engineer, but shall not be more than 700kPa at the top of the hole. All grouting procedures may be varied by the Engineer to take account of the conditions encountered and the injections previously measured.
灌浆压力由工程师确定，但孔顶部压力不宜超出700kPa．灌浆程序可能有所变化，由工程师视当时所遇情形以及所测得的先一步的灌浆压力而定。
If, due to the size and continuity of fissures, the Engineer considers that it is impossible to reach the required pressure after pumping a reasonable volume of grout at the maximum workable water-cement ratio, a suitable admixture or sand will be added to the cement grout as directed by the Engineer. If this grout mix does not make it possible to reach the required pressure, the speed of pumping shall be reduced. If, during the grouting of any hole, grout is found to flow from adjacent holes in sufficient quantity to interfere seriously with the grou ting operation or to cause appreciable loss of grout, the pressure shall be maintained by means of a stop-cock or other suitable device until the grout has set to the extent that it will be retained in the hole.
由于裂缝的大小及伸延的情况不一，如果在灌注了大量的最大和易性的水泥浆之后，工程师认为还是不可能达到要求的压力，此时就需听从工程师的指示，在水（水泥浆液）中掺入适当而适量的外加剂或砂。如果浆液的配合比造成要求的灌浆压力不可能达到，就需降低灌浆速度。在浆液凝固之前，灌浆泵应和临近的已封口的以及其他有浆液渗出的灌浆孔连接起来，并按照工程师的旨意对所有这些孔灌浆。某一孔的灌浆完成之后，须通过一种管门或其他装置留住灌浆孔内的压力，直至浆液凝固到不再流动的程度才能释压。
Drainage wells 排水井
Drainage wells shall consist of Filter Pack surrounding the slotted PVC pipe strainer as shown on the Drawings.
排水井应有过滤填充料环绕开槽的PVC管滤网。
1. Drilling drainage well holes钻排水井
Holes for drainage wells shall not be smaller than the minimum size shown on the Draw-ings and shall be drilled as specified for exploratory holes. The Engineer may direct 4 inches diameter core to be recovered from portions of drainage well holes.
排水井的型号不能小于图纸上标明的最小尺寸要求，且要按照勘探井的要求钻凿。工程师可能要求从排水井某些深度段提取直径为4in的芯样。
Wells, 8 inches diameter (Type A ) and 18 inches diameter (Type B), shall be drilled as shown on the Drawing or as directed by the Engineer. The well shall be drilled straight and plumb. In no case shall wells deviate more than one in hundred from a vertical line. If the well does not meet the plumness and alignment requirements, the Contractor shall correct the plumbness and alignment at his own expense.
Bin直径的“A类井”和18in直径的“B类井”应按照图纸所示的方式（或图纸的要求）进行钻探（凿），或者按照工程师的指示进行钻探。排水井应垂直往下钻，离垂直线的偏差决不能超过1/100。如果所钻的排水井不能满足垂直度和准线要求，承包商须自负代价调整垂直度和准线。
The drilling for drainage wells shall be carried out either by reverse rotary drilling meth od, by percussion method or any other suitable method as approved by the Engineer. The type of bit used by the Contractor shall be to the approval of the Engineer.
排水井的钻探方法需经工程师的同意，可采用反向旋转钻机钻凿，也可用冲击钻或其他合适的方法。承包商所用的钻头需经工程师批准。
If stabilization of the drill hole is required to support the walls of the hole, casing shall be used. Mud drilling shall not be used. Where a drainage well is drilled (whether or not filters are in stalled) before all grouting has been completed within 100 feet of the location of the well, the Con tractor shall take such precautions as the Engineer shall direct or approve to prevent the well or fil ters becoming clogged with grout. If due to lack of care or negligence on the part of the Con tractor, the drain holes shall become filled with grout or otherwise clogged to impair their useful ness, the Contractor shall re-drill the drain holes to secure satisfactory development of the drainage well. Such re-drilling, or other remedial work as is required, shall be done by the Contractor at no additional cost to the Employer.
如果鉆井时要求稳定井壁的话，就需要利用套管。不能用泥浆钻探。如果排水井的开钻在周边100ft内的灌浆完成之前（不管是否安装了过滤器），承包商应采取谨慎的预防措施（按工程师的指点或经工程师同意）防止排水井或过滤器被灌浆液堵塞。如果工程师认为，因承包商的行为而使得排水井有被堵塞的危险，那么这样的排水井就应该灌注清水冲洗并临时封口。如果因承包商的疏忽大意导致排水井被浆液堵塞或其他物体堵塞，影响了排水井的正常功用，那么承包商须得重新钻凿此类排水井，以获得满意的效果。这样的重新钻井或其他必要的补救措施是承包商自己的行为，业主不追加任何费用。
2. Construction of the drainage wells 排水井的施工
The drainage wells shall be constructed by methods such that: the slotted PVC pipe strainer is centrally placed in the well; filter pack material is placed with no segregation; filter pack material is not contaminated, particularly by material dislodged from the sides of the well; filter pack material is properly compacted; the permeability of the ground surrounding the hole is not reduced.
排水井的施工方法包括：将开槽的PVC管滤网（过滤器）置于井的正中心；安置过滤填充料时不能有离析；过滤填充材料不能受到污染，尤其是不被从井边剥落下来的材料污染；将过滤填充材料适当地压实、塞密；不能导致排水井周围土质的渗漏。
The Contractor shall prepare and submit details of his proposed methods of constructing drainage wells to the Engineer for approval. These proposals shall include details of tests to be carried out by the Contractor on drainage well to demonstrate that the specified require ments are being met by his method of construction.
承包商应精心设计，并将自己拟用的排水井施工方法的详细情况提交给工程师批准。这些详细资料包括承包商将要使用的排水井检测的细节方法，用以证明他的施工方法可以满足规范要求。
The means adopted to locate the slotted PVC pipe strainer centrally in the well shall not block the annular space around the screen to the extent that settlement of the filter pack ma terial is prevented or, in the opinion of the Engineer, seriously inhibited.
安置开槽的PVC管过滤器（滤网）所使用的方法不能阻碍了滤网周围的环形空间，以至于阻止了过滤材料的沉陷；或者，在工程师看来，是严重的堵死了。
Immediately prior to placement of the slotted PVC pipe or solid PVC pipes, the drainage well hole shall be cleaned by means of bailers, calyx tools, barrel augers or similar tools. Cleaning of the hole by means of washing or jetting with limited amounts of water shall be permitted provided that the walls of the hole are not damaged by erosion or any other means.
在即将安装开槽的PVC管或未开槽（破口）的PVC管时，先将井内碎渣泥浆杂物打捞干净。排水井的井底清洁工具包括抽泥筒、萼式取芯工具、管式管道清除器或其他類似工具。井的清洗可以用限量的水冲洗或喷洗，只要井壁未受到腐坏或其他形式的破坏。
The slotted PVC pipe shall be centred in the hole by any means other than the use of spacers. The slotted PVC pipe shall be temporarily capped during the operation of placing Fine Filter Pack material around the pipe. The Contractor shall take all necessary actions including vibrating, tamping or other approved means to ensure that the Fine Filter Pack material is well compacted and continuous throughout the length of the drainage well and at an approved density. The Contractor shall ensure that the minimum thickness of the Fine Filter Pack surround is no where more than 1 inch less than the thick ness shown on the Drawings.
安装开槽的PVC管于排水井正中心时，决不能用垫块支撑。在开槽的PVC;管周围填充细过滤材料时，应临时的将管口封起来。用灌浆管、吊罐或类似的方法将细过滤填充材料置于井中开槽的PVC管周围，要确保细过滤填充材料不发生离析现象。细过滤填充材料决不能从井口往下倾倒。承包商应采取一切必要的手段，包括振压、捣打或其他许可的方式，以确保细过滤填充材料在整个井段都压得实在、均匀，并目，密度也符合要求。承包商要确保无论何处的细过滤填充材料层最小厚度不能低于图纸标定尺寸1in的厚度。
3. Development of drainage wells排水井的开发（即洗井）
The proposed method of developing the drainage wells shall be approved by the Engineer before developing work begins. The Contractor shall develop the well in a way necessary to obtain maximum yield of water per foot of drawdown and extract from the water bearing for mation the maximum practical quantity of such sands as may be drawn through the screen when the well is pumped under condition of maximum drawdown.The Contractor shall furnish all necessary compressors, plungers, bailers, or other equip ment needed to develop the well and clean all sediments from inside of the screen.
承包商拟用的排水井洗井方法在工作开始之前应报工程师批准。洗井的方法在水位每下降1ft时必须能获得最大的出水量，并且在水位下降最快的情况下，能通过滤网抽出载水层的尽可能最多的砂量。承包商应提供所有必要的设备，如空气压缩机、活塞、抽泥筒或其他设备，以获取钻探的进展，以及从滤网内清除所有的淤积物。
4. Pumped drainage wells 安装抽水泵的排水井
The drilling for pumped drainage wells shall be carried out either by reverse rotary drill ing method, by percussion method or any other suitable method as approved by the Engineer.The diameter of borehole will be 18in while the diameter of strainer will be l0in. Water will be used as drilling fluid. Bentonite will not be used in the drilling fluid.
装泵排水井的钻探，既可用反向旋转钻机、冲击钻机，还可以用其他合适的钻机探钻，只要工程师同意。钻孔的直径为l8in,滤网的直径为l0in。可用水位钻探液。钻探液中不能加膨润土。
After the completion of drilling and washing the hole, the associated materials (housing pipe, strainer pipe, blind pipe and blind end to well screen) will be lowered in sequence. These materials will be joined to each other by rivets and binding solution during the lower ing process. The verticality and centerline of each material segment length will be ensured. The Contractor will perform verticality and straightness tests in Engineer's presence and will be responsible for verticality and alignment of housing pipe required for proper installation of the pump and its smooth running.
钻井和洗井完成之后，各种相关的材料将相继置于井中，如套管、滤网管、滤网封闭管和封闭端管。在下放的过程中，用铆钉和胶水将这些材料相互连接起来。井中各段材料的中心位居和垂直度必须得到保证。垂直度和笔直度的检测需在工程师的监督之下进行，承包商应对套管安装的垂直度和准线负责。这样的套管是为正确地安装水泵以及保证水泵顺利运行服务的。
After ensuring the verticality, filter/shrouding will be poured through the annular space between the hole and hosing pipe with the help of polythene bag. The length of the filter pack will be decided by the Engineer. Gradation of sand for filter pack is given on the Draw ings.
在保证垂直度的情况下，借助于塑料袋将过滤材料倒人井壁和套管之间的环形空间里。过滤材料的填充长度由工程师确定。作过滤材料的砂的级别按照图纸规定的要求。
Above the shrouding material, bentonite will be used to seal the annular space between PVC pipe and borehole wall up to 5 ft. length. Thereafter, sand or cement/sand slurry will be used to fill the space up to the ground level. The wells will be developed and tested up to 1.5 times its actual design capacity or as directed by the Engineer.
在PVC套管和井壁之间环形空间的过滤材料的上面，用厚达5ft的膨润土封住这个环形空间。过后，再用砂浆或水泥砂浆填充这个空间直到地面。这样的井的开发应按实际设计能力的1.5倍，并进行测试；或按工程师的要求。
The submersible pumps of at least half cusec discharge capacity against 120ft. total pumping head would be installed in the wells.
相對抽水水头为120ft井，可以安装排水流量为0.5立方ft/秒的潜水泵。
5. Damage to Drainage Well holes排水井的损坏
Should any hole for drainage wells become damaged during drilling or at any other time due to the Contractor's negligence, the hole shall be cleaned out, re-drilled or abandoned. Any holes abandoned shall be filled with grout or otherwise plugged as directed. Holes that become damaged shall be cleaned out or abandoned filled and plugged by the Contractor at no additional cost to the Employer.
万一某一排水井因承包商的疏忽在钻井期间或其他某一时间被破坏了，这样的井应彻底清理干净、重新钻探，或者废弃不用。任何废弃的井应用水泥浆填充，或按要求封堵起来。毁坏了的井须由承包商自己负责，要么清理干净，要么废弃回填，要么封堵起来，业主不追加任何费用。
备注：原文出处：Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, Water Resources and Power, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 2004, pp.297-302
1. General 概述
The Contractor shall keep on the Site sufficient plant to meet the requirements of the works. The plant and equipment shall be in good operating condition and capable of efficiently performing the work specified. Site investigation work shall be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of BS5930 unless otherwise specified herein.
承包商应有充分的现场设备以满足工程需要。这些现场机械和仪器应有良好的工作性能，能高效地履行指定的工作。现场调查根据BS5930规范的要求进行，除非另有规定。
2. Drilling equipment 钻井装备
Rotary machines shall be capable of drilling vertical, inclined or horizontal holes. The inclination of the hole shall be checked by suitable instruments. Rotary drilling machines for exploratory holes shall be capable of drilling to 300ft depth with a minimum 4 inches size hole and shall comprise standard hydraulic feed type rigs with diamond or tungsten carbide tipped rotary drills and rock roller or similar bits for drilling without core recovery. Bit, core barrels and casing shall conform to BS4019 Part I or an approved equivalent. Coring bits shall, unless the Engineer directs otherwise, be of the side discharge type designed to prevent contact between the core and the flow of drilling fluid. Core recovery equipment shall be double tube ball-bearing swivel type core barrels with the core lifter located in the lower end of the inner barrel. The use of triple tube equipment, split inner barrels or plastic liners for inner barrels shall be adopted where suitable to aid sample recovery.
回轉机械应既可钻垂直孔、斜孔，也可钻水平孔。孔的斜度应用合适的仪器进行检测。钻勘探孔的旋转钻机要能将直径至少4in的勘探井钻到300ft深。此种旋转钻机由标准液压钻塔配带金刚石，或碳化钨合金尖头旋转钻头和振动滚筒，或类似的钻头组成。这种钻机在钻勘探井时不取芯样。钻头、取芯管和套管应符合BS4019规范第1部分的要求，或遵循类似的规范标准。取芯钻头应是侧向拆卸型的（除非工程师另有规定），此种设计避免了岩芯与钻井流液／钻探泥浆的直接接触。取芯装置由带滚珠轴承的旋转式双取芯管组成，管底端内装有取芯器。如果有助于取芯的话，可用三管取芯器、内分裂式取芯管或塑料内层取芯管。
If air-flush drilling is permitted by the Engineer, adequate dust suppression equipment shall be fitted to drilling machines.
如果允许用气喷的话，钻机上应装配合适的消尘装置。
Percussion equipment capable of drilling to depths of 150ft shall be supplied for drilling exploratory holes. Percussion equipment shall be of the cable-tool type except where otherwise approved by the Engineer. Water jet equipment shall not be used.
承包商要提供能够钻到150FT深的冲击钻来打勘探井。冲击钻为钢线绳冲击钻型的，除非工程师批准使用别样的钻机。不能使用喷水式设备。
Sampling equipment to be provided shall include 4 inches (U4) undisturbed sampler, piston samplers, double and triple tube core barrels and equipment for performing Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs). Equipment to be furnished by the Contractor for carrying out SPTs shall include split tube sampler drive shoes with core-catcher and cone-ended adaptor of 51mm outer diameter "A" or "AW" rods for depths less than 15m and "N" or "NW" rods for depths more than 15m, 63. 5kg Donut hammer, manila rope and free running pulley, guide pipe and driving head. Supplies shall include all casing, pumps, power, tools for sampling and container for preserving samples. The anvil shall have 65mm height, 88mm diameter and a weight of 2. 5kg.In all respects the equipment shall conform to ASTM D1586.
取样设备包括4IN的非扰动取样器、活塞取样器、双管或三管取样器以及能进行标准穿透测试的仪器。承包商用来进行标准穿透测试的仪器包括分裂管式取样器的套筒靴，并配有取芯钻夹／取芯器和适配两种型号钻杆的锥形适配器（外径为51 mm的A型或AW型钻杆适用15m以下的钻井，外径为51mm的N型或NW型钻杆适用于15m以上的钻井），还包括63.5kg的饼状锤／DONUT锤、麻绳、轻便滑轮、导管和驱动头。承包商还应提供套管、水泵、动力以及所有取样工具和存储样品的容器。砧座高65mm，直径88mm，重2.5kg。设备的各个方面应符合ASTM D 1586规范的要求。
3. Core boxes 储芯盒
Core boxes shall be made of 0.75in thick lumber with 0.75 in thick partitions, and shall be safe against attack by termites. The bottoms shall be screwed on and the covers shall be hinged and securely padlocked at the end of each working period. Carrying handles shall be provided at each end of the box. No box shall contain more than 18ft of core from neither 4 inches holes nor more than 10ft.of core from holes larger than 4 in hole.
储芯箱／盒由0.75in厚的木材制成，并装有0.75in厚木条隔板。储芯盒应安全耐用，不因白蚁的蚕食而破坏。箱底要装上螺丝钉，箱盖要装上铰链。在每个工作段结束时用挂锁安全地锁上芯箱。盒子两端装上搬运把柄。芯盒里不能容纳来自4in钻孔中的18ft以上的芯样，也不能容纳来自更大孔径的孔中10ft以上的芯样。
A separate continuous plastic sheet shall be provided to wrap all the cores placed in each channel formed by the partitions in the core boxes. The sheet shall be wide enough to wrap around the core with an overlap of between 2 in and 3 in. Adhesive tape, to seal the edges and ends of the plastic wrapping, shall be suitable for damp as well as dry conditions and shall be suitable for unsealing without tearing the plastic wrapping.
芯盒中的巖芯须用一整块塑料膜将其包裹好，分开放在木条隔板形成的隔栏里。塑料膜要有足够的宽度能够完全裹住芯样，封口要有2-3in的搭叠。用来封帖塑料包裹边口和两端的粘胶带既要适应潮湿状态又要适应干燥条件，且要便于启封而不撕破塑料包裹。
The core boxes shall become the property of the Employer after the core has been permanently placed therein.
岩芯被运到永久安置地之后将成为业主的财产。
4. Temporary core shed 临时芯棚
The Contractor shall provide a temporary lockable core shed or sheds large enough to contain all the boxes of core and to allow easy inspection of the core while protected from the weather. Adequate lighting shall be provided. The core sheds shall be located at a safe distance from construction activity.
承包商应提供一个可锁的临时芯棚。储芯棚的大小要能容得下所有的芯盒，方便查看芯样，且不受天气的影响。要有足够的光线。储芯棚的位置距工作区应有安全的距离。
Drilling equipment for grout holes灌浆孔的钻孔设备
All drilling machines for grout holes shall be capable of drilling to a depth of 150ft. with a minimum diameter of 1.5 in. They shall be drilled with water/air flush throughout or as approved by the Engineer.No core recovery will be required.
灌浆孔的钻机要能够钻到150ft的深度，最小直径要有1.5in。整个钻井过程应用注水或注气方法推进，或按工程师批准的方法。不取芯样。
6. Grouting equipment 灌浆设备
Grout equipment shall be capable of providing a continuous flow of 200 litre/min to the grout holes at pressures up to l000kPa measured at the entry to the hole. A separate plant shall be supplied for each grouting operation in progress.
灌浆设备要能进行持续灌浆，速度为2001-/min，井口压力达到1000kPa。每一灌浆作业的进行须提供独立的灌浆设备。
Grout pumps shall be variable pressure, ram type, continuous supply pumps. The pumps shall be capable of applying a steady pressure to the hole without cyclical fluctuation produced by a reciprocating pump. Each pump shall be provided with two mixing tanks of not less than 300 litres capacity, each tank having a mechanical mixer and arranged so that grout is mixed in the first tank and delivered through a screen to the second tank for holdover if required. The suction branch of the grout pump shall be connected only to the delivery branch of the second tank. Under no circumstances shall grouting rigs rely on the direct application of air pressure for injection.
灌浆输送泵为持续输入型的，压力的大小可根据需要进行调节。承包商在向孔内注浆时，所用泵应能够提供均衡的压力而不会因循环泵而产生周期性波动。每台泵上配两个容积300L以上的搅拌桶，每个搅拌桶都有一个机械搅拌器。浆液在一个桶里搅拌，通过一个滤网送到另一个桶里暂储（如果必要的话）。灌浆泵的吸浆管，只与第二个搅拌桶的输出管相连接。无论如何灌浆机也不能直接应用气体压强进行灌浆。
The Contractor shall provide water tanks of sufficient capacity for grouting, flushing, water testing and drilling operations, which shall be fitted with adequate by-pass pipes and fittings for multipurpose use. Water supplies to the grout mixing tanks shall be metered at each mixing tank. Where bentonite is incorporated in the grout, separate mixing tanks shall be provided in which the bentonite/water can be prepared and kept agitated, until required. Complete hydration of the bentonite shall be achieved either by the use of colloidal mixers or by other means approved by the Engineer.
承包商應提供多个充足容量的水箱，水箱上配有适量的迂回管和其他配件。此水箱可用于多种目的，如灌浆、冲洗、水质测试和钻井活动。供给搅拌桶的水要在每个搅拌桶内进行测量。如果浆液中需要加人膨润土的话，须得提供独立的搅拌桶用以盛膨润土和水，并持续搅拌直至满足需要为止。无论是使用胶浆搅拌机还是使用其他许可的方法，都得让膨润土充分水化后才能使用。
The Contractor shall provide such valves, by-passes, pressure hose, pipe and fittings as are necessary, in the opinion of the Engineer, to provide accurate grout pressure control regardless of how small the grout tank may be. Grout shall be pumped to the connection at the collar of the hole and a return hose to the mixing tank shall be provided, with the necessary control valves, to allow grout to be circulated. Recording pressure gauges shall be provided between the pump delivery and the collar of the hole. A pressure gauge shall be provided at each collar. Pressure gauges shall be fitted with a liquid-resisting diaphragm device to preclude grout entering the coil. The Contractor shall ensure that grout temperature at point of injection is not more than 40C at all times.
如果工程师认为有必要，承包商应提供阀门、迂回管、压力软管、刚性管和其他必要配件用于精确控制灌浆压力，无论灌浆桶多么小。浆液被灌浆泵抽到井口的连接管内，再送至井内。需要提供一个回浆软管通向搅拌桶，配置必要的控制阀使得浆液能够循环。浆液输送泵和井口之间须装上读数压力表。各个井口都要装上一个压力表。压力表应装上液体隔离装置，防止浆液进入到了表内。要确保浆液注入点的浆液温度无论何时都不能超过40C。
Pressure gauges and water meters shall be of a range suitable for the pressures and flows being used at each hole. The instruments shall be calibrated at the start of the grouting operations and thereafter once per 100 hours of operation and whenever the Engineer directs.Packers shall be designed so that they can be expanded to seal the drill hole at all levels within the range of grouting depths and to withstand for a period of five minutes, without leakage, a water pressure of 25% in excess of the maximum grout pressures to be used. Mechanically expanded packers may be used at the collar of the hole(for stage grouting), but pneumatic or hydraulic packers shall be used where the packer has to be sealed at depth.
压力表和水表要适合各个孔内的液体压力和流量要求。在灌浆作业开始之前，要对各个表进行校正，以后每工作100小时校正一次或听从工程师的指示。灌浆塞为可膨胀型的，能在灌浆过程中的任意深度封住灌浆孔，并且能够5分钟内经受超出最大灌浆压力25％的水压力且不渗水。井口用机械膨胀灌浆塞，井内用风动或液压膨胀灌浆塞。
7. Grouting materials 灌浆材料
The composition of the grout for any part of the grouting operation shall be as directed by the Engineer and shall consist of all or any of the following ingredients: Ordinary Portland cement and water complying in all respects with the requirement for those materials in Section 5, Concrete Work. Bagged cement shall be used only; Sand which has been washed clean, with a maximum size of 0.2mm and otherwise confirming to BS882; Bentonite of good quality, containing less than 10% sand and silt and having a liquid limit of not less than 400; Additives comprising bentonite and admixtures to improve or change the quality and characteristics of the grout and which have been approved by the Engineer.
若需要时，要用上合适直径的套管。套管的大小要合适，插入的方式要便于拔出。套管须慢慢拔出。在拔出的过程中，要让回填的面或灌浆的浆液面始终高于套管底面。当某一孔的套管已开始外拔而又未完成时，承包商要尽可能避免将此项工作留到第二天去做。
Any hole which becomes clogged or obstructed by caving or for any other reason before completion of the operations shall be cleaned out to the satisfaction of the Engineer, or an additional hole shall be drilled. Blasting shall not be allowed for breaking up material encountered in a hole except with the written permission of the Engineer.
无论哪一孔在钻探未完成而因坍陷或其他原因导致堵塞，承包商须将其清理十净直至工程师满意，或者再另外钻一个孔。不允许用爆破的方法炸开孔内遇到的材料，除非工程师书面许可。
Any hole that is abandoned before work on it is completed and any hole from which unsatisfac tory samples have been obtained or in which unsatisfactory tests have been performed or in which grouting has been unsatisfactory due to the negligence of the contractor shall be rejected and re placed by another hole adjacent to the original location. The exact location of any such replacement hole will be specified by the Engineer. Penetration of a replacement hole to the depth to which the rejected hole was satisfactorily completed may be made by any method selected by the Contractor which, in the opinion of the Engineer, will permit satisfactory completion of the replacement hole and any testing, sampling or grouting below that depth.
無论哪一个工作没有完成就被废弃的孔，以及无论哪一个取样不令人满意的孔；或现场试验不令人满意的孔；或因承包商的失职而导致的灌浆不令人满意的孔都不被验收，且须在临近原孔的位置再钻一个孔来取代原废弃孔。替代孔的确切位置由工程师规定。承包商应选择一个好的方法，使替代孔圆满地穿透到废弃孔所达到的深度，并让工程师认为该方法能够圆满的完成废弃孔深度以下的替代孔的钻探、测试、取样或灌浆活动。
Logs of exploratory and instrument holes and holes for drainage wells shall be provided on forms supplied by the Contractor in accordance with examples which will be provided by the Engineer. They shall include descriptions of all strata and details of samples taken, and an account of all observations and field tests and shall conform to BS5930.
勘探孔、检测孔和排水井记录应由承包商以表格的形式提供给工程师，表格的样式应仿照工程师提供的样表。这些记录包括所有地层和获取样品的说明情况、观测报告和现场试验情况，并且须符合BS5930规范要求。
Two draft copies shall be submitted to the Engineer not more than two weeks after the hole is backfilled. The presence of the Engineer, who may keep separate drilling records, shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his responsibilities for keeping records.
在回填完成之后两周之内须向工程师提交两份记录初稿。现场工程师可能会保持独立记录，但这绝不能使承包商免除作记录的责任。
3. Rotary drilling of exploratory hole 勘探井的旋转钻井
The Contractor may be required to carry out drilling to obtain cores to investigate sub surface conditions, or to establish the effectiveness of the grouting operations. The Engineer will define the length of each hole from which core shall be recovered.
承包商可能需要钻井来获取芯样，以便调查表下层地质情况，或确立有效的灌浆方法。工程师将对取芯孔的深度做出规定。
Where core recovery is required by the Engineer, the minimum size of core shall be 4 in ches.
如果工程师要求取芯，所取芯的最小尺寸为4in。
Drilling shall be carried out by using double and triple tube core barrels in such a manner that the maximum amount of core is recovered. Coring runs shall normally be limited to 6 ft. When the core recovery is less than 80%, coring runs shall be limited to 1.5 ft. unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.
双管或三管取芯管钻井时要争取获得最多的芯样。（孔内）取芯长度通常规定为6ft。如果取芯率低于80%，取芯长度将减小到1.5ft，除非工程师另有指示。
4. Percussion drilling of exploratory holes勘探井／孔的冲击钻井
Where exploratory holes are drilled by percussion method, the Contractor shall avoid any unnecessary disturbance to the material and shall ensure that: The water level in the hole shall be maintained slightly above the water table in the permeable stratum. During percussion drilling below the water level the casing shall be kept at least 6 in ahead of the bottom of the hole, except where, in the opinion of the Engineer, it is impossible to advance the casing so far. The bottom of the casing shall never be higher than 6 in above the bottom of the hole except where the Engineer has ordered a borehole to be deepened without lowering casing to form a greater length of open hole for permeable testing. Close-fitting tools shall be withdrawn slowly to void suction pressures.
当用冲击钻开钻勘探井时，承包商要避免一切不必要的扰动材料，并且要保证：井里的水位要保持略高渗水地层的地下水位。在水位以下冲击钻孔期间，套管至少要比井底前进6in，除非工程师认为不可能使套管前进那么深。套管底决不能比井底高出6in以上，除非工程师指令不进套管而把井凿深，露出更长的裸井段便于渗水测试。紧贴井壁的工具要慢慢拔出，以避免吸附压力。
The internal diameter of the casing used to support the percussion drill holes shall be not less than 300mm.
用于支撑冲击钻机井的套管内壁直径不能小于300mm。
The casing shall never be in advance of the bottom of a hole by more than 6 in during undisturbed sampling or standard penetration tests. When instructed by the Engineer, it shall be withdrawn so that the bottom of the casing is less than 6 in below or level with the base of the hole at the time of sampling or testing.
在非扰动取样和标准穿透测试期间，套管深于井底决不能超过6in。如果工程师要求，在取样或测试的时候慢慢将套管拔出，使深人井底以下的套管不足6in，或与井底齐平。
When directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall suspend percussion drilling, clear the hole of any obstacles and set up a standby rotary rig to drill in advance of the bottom of the percussion drill hole. Casing of 5 in diameter shall be lowered to the bottom of the hole before starting of rotary drilling and shall be kept as close as practicable to the bottom of the rotary drill hole. After the completion of rotary drilling and any tests ordered to be carried out, the 5 in diameter casing shall be pulled out of the hole, the rotary rig shall be removed and shifted to its stand-by position, and the hole shall be cleared of any obstacle which may hinder the resumption of percussion drilling to advance the hole.The material removed from all percussion holes, shall be laid out in sequence on a clean dry board for examination by the Engineer. All the material displayed shall be protected from adverse effects of the weather including sun and rain.
工程師要求时，承包商应暂停冲击钻井，把井内障碍物清理干净，将备用的旋转钻机搭架起来，在冲击钻所钻深度的基础上继续往下钻。在开旋转钻机之前，先将直径为5in套管插人井底，尽可能与旋转钻机的井底钻头保持近距离。在旋转钻井期间，承包商应在5in套管顶部管口装上一个“T"型块堵住回水，使之从大口直径的套管中涌出来，便于取样来断明开凿的基本情况。如果工程师要求的话，承包商可以用这个5in的套管来执行标准穿透测试和非扰动取样过程。旋转钻井和要求的各种测试完成之后，此5in的套管可以从井中取出，旋转钻机也将撤出，转为备用状态，再用冲击钻接着往下钻。妨碍冲击钻机继续钻井的井内障碍物将彻底被清除干净。冲击钻机钻出的材料将一线儿摆开置于干净、干燥的木板上，便于工程师检查。所有摆置的材料要保护好避免天气的负面影响，包括阳光和雨水的影响。
Grouting 灌浆
1. Grouting-general 灌浆-概述
Grout shall be in a colloidal form attained by high-speed mixing by mechanical means.
灌浆浆液应通过机械方式高速搅拌成胶质状态。
Bentonite shall be dispersed by an approved high shear-rate mixer and retained for 24 hours so that it is fully hydrated before addition to the cement.
（拌水后的）膨润土须用许可的高速剪力搅拌机彻底搅散，并在掺人水泥之前存留于搅拌机24小时，使之充分水化。
No grouting above or below any concrete structure shall be done at any location until 14 days have elapsed from the placing of the concrete.
无论任何混凝土结构之上或之下任何部位的灌浆活动，必须要待该混凝土的浇筑满14天以后才能进行。
As the work progresses, the Engineer may decide that parts of the areas already grouted require future grouting. In this event, the equipment shall be returned and additional holes drilled and grouted as required by the Engineer.
在灌浆的过程之中，已经灌浆区域的某些部位可能需要进一步灌浆，这些部位由工程师指定。碰到这样的情况，不得不把设备再搬回来，按照工程师的要求再钻一些另外的孔，重新灌浆。
2. Grouting method 灌浆方法
The grouting methods to be employed shall comprise any of the following:cavity grouting to fill voids between the concrete lining of galleries and surrounding Foundation Material;fissure grouting to reduce the permeability of Foundation Material.
所用的灌浆方法应该包括：空穴灌浆，廊道混凝土衬里和周围基础材料之间空洞填塞灌浆；裂缝灌浆，目的为了减少基础材料的渗漏。
3. Cavity grouting procedure 空穴灌浆程序
Prior to the placement of concrete lining, high spots in the Foundation Material shall be accu rately mapped or otherwise marked to facilitate cavity grouting later. Marking may consist of instal ling grout pipes tightly to inside the face of the concrete lining prior to placing the lining.
在混凝土衬里浇筑之前，基础材料中的凸鼓部位应精确地绘制成图，或作卜其他标记，便于后来的空穴灌浆。包括浇筑混凝土衬里之前，紧贴混凝土衬里面安装灌浆管作为标记。
Holes shall be drilled through the concrete and 150 mm into the Foundation Material at regular intervals and at other points where the lining gives indications of voids. Air release or vent pipes extending to the Foundation Material and fitted with plug cocks shall be built into the holes through which grout injections are to be made. The Engineer may direct the loca tion of additional cavity grouting holes.
鉆孔应穿过混凝土，进入到基础材料中150mm的地方，或深人到通过衬里混凝土显现空穴的地方。钻孔过程夹杂着有规律的间息。深人到基础材料、装有塞嘴的通风管／排气管应安装到灌浆孔里。其他空穴灌浆孔的位置可能由工程师来指定。
No earlier than 28 days after a concrete lining has been placed in a gallery, cavity grouting shall be carried out as a continuous process commencing at one end of the gallery and ad vancing towards the other end.
某一廊道的裂缝灌浆至少要等到该廊道的衬里混凝土浇筑完后28天才能进行。空穴灌浆应连续进行，从廊道的一端开始一直灌到另一端结束。
A 1 : 3 sand-cement mixture having a "bleed" of less than 5% shall be injected at a pressure not exceeding 300 kPa measured at the point of injection and the operation shall be continued until no further grout is accepted. The water-cement ratio shall be proposed by the Contractor and ap proved by the Engineer. Mesh funnel shall be used to filter the grout at the point of injection. The Contractor shall incorporate bentonite or other additives into this mix as directed by the Engineer if such additives shall be found necessary to control "bleed" of the mixture to less than 5%. Holes drilled prior to grouting shall be plugged by grout. If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the leakage of the grout from any hole is such as to indicate that the void behind the hole is full of grout, that hole shall be plugged or caulked without delay.
漿液是由砂和水泥按1:3的比例配制而成。流渗率／流失率小于5％。从注人点测得的灌浆压力不能超过300kPa。灌浆过程应持续进行直至浆液不能进人。水和水泥的比率由承包商提出，工程师批准。在浆液注人点安置一个网式漏斗来过滤浆液。如果必须要用膨润土或其他掺和剂来控制浆液的流失率在5％以下的话，那么这样的掺和剂按工程师要求的分量掺人。已钻好的孔在灌浆之前要用水泥浆填塞起来。如果（在工程师看来）某孔里的浆液渗漏已经显示该孔背后的空洞已注满了浆液，这样的孔应立即封口堵塞。
Once the grout has set, the Contractor shall return and re-drill adjacent to every original fourth hole and inject a water-cement grout with water-cement ratio equal to 0. 83 by vol ume, and if necessary, repeat this process until the Engineer is satisfied that the operation of cavity grouting has been thoroughly completed and there are no voids left along the interface between the concrete lining and the rock surface.
浆液一旦凝固，钻井工作就得重新开始。重新开钻的方法是挨着原始孔钻，每间隔4个孔再钻一个。用水和水泥体积比为0.83的水泥浆灌注。若有必要的话，反复按此方法重复钻孔、注浆，直至混凝土的衬里和岩石面之间再没有空洞，空穴灌浆达到了充分、彻底的状态，工程师也感到满意。
The Contractor may be required to carry out water pressure tests on completion of the cavity grouting procedure. The pressures to be adopted shall not exceed the maximum grou ting pressure by more than 25%.
空穴灌浆程序完成之后，可能会要求承包商进行水压测试。水压测试所用的压力不能超过最大灌浆压力25%。
4. Fissure grouting procedure 裂缝灌浆程序
Fissure grouting of Foundation Material shall be carried out using tube-a-manchette which is a metallic tube or suitable plastic tube provided with holes that are covered by rubber sleeves. The tube-a-manchette shall be installed into the drill hole protected using a temporary casing. Weak, bentonite-stabilised cement grout will then be injected between the casing and the tube to form a sheathing and the temporary casing shall be progressively removed as directed by the Engineer. A double packer shall then be lowered to each rubber sleeve location and grout pressure applied. The rubber sleeve will deform under the grout pressure allowing the injection of grout into the surround ing material. After cessation of grout injection, the double packer shall remain in place until there is no back pressure. The double packer shall then be moved to the next section to be grouted, thus successively grouting the hole in sections at the specified pressures until the entire hole is grouted. The grouting shall be conducted either by the downstage or upstage method as directed by the Engi neer.
基础材料的裂缝灌浆须用一种管式灌浆器。此种灌浆设备是由一种带孔的金属管或合适的塑料管构成的，孔眼用橡皮套塞着。灌浆前先将其安装在钻孔中，并用套管临时的保护起来。然后将加了膨润土的、稳定的淡水泥浆注入这种灌浆管（器）和临时套管之间，形成一种壁套，然后按照工程师的要求将临时套管逐步退出（移出）。一并双塞的灌浆塞将依次深人到每个橡皮套的位置，然后施用灌浆压力。在灌浆压力的作用下，橡皮套随之变形，使得浆液渗进周边的材料，从而起到灌浆的效果。某部位一次注浆过程停止以后，直至此处再没有回冲压力时，才能将灌浆塞移走到另一个待灌浆的部位。就这样连续地、逐段地按照规定的压力进行灌浆，直至整个孔浇注完毕。灌浆法既可采用从上往下的方法，也可采用从下向上的方法，听工程师的安排。
The grouting pipe shall be flushed at regular intervals to flush any grout which may have leaked in the pipe.
灌浆管要定时冲洗，以洗掉有可能遗漏在管中的浆液。
The Contractor may propose a device alternate to the tube-a-manchette for grouting the Foundation Material.
对于基础材料的灌浆，承包商可以建议用别样的灌浆装置，而不用管式灌浆器。
The closure method of grouting shall be adopted wherever practical. In this method, in termediate grout holes are drilled mid-way between two previously grouted holes. Grout holes shall be designated as "primaries", "secondaries", tertiaries, etc. , such that primary holes are those grouted first, secondary holes are the intermediate holes drilled between the primaries which have been grouted, and the tertiary holes are those drilled between primaries and secondaries which have been grouted. Unless authorized by the Engineer, primary grouting shall be advanced at least 15ft. a-head of secondary grouting, and so on for each phase of grouting.
只要可能，就要采用封闭灌浆法。这种方法就是在原先已浇灌好的两孔间再钻一个“中间孔”。运用这种灌浆方法的灌浆孔被称之为“第一道孔，第二道孔，第三道孔…”。第一道孔为首先被灌浆的一批孔，第二道孔为那些已经浇注好了的第一批孔间的“中间孔”。同样，第三道孔为那些已浇注好了的第一道孔和第二道孔间的“中间孔”。如果工程师没有特别的授权，一般情况下，第一道孔的灌浆至少要比第二道孔的灌浆深度深出15ft，第二道灌浆比第三道深15ft. . .，依次类推。
All holes to be grouted shall be water pressure tested as described in Clause 4-6. 01.
所有待灌漿的孔都要按照4-6.01条款进行水压测试。
The water-cement ratio of the grout mix and the variation of this mix during the grou ting shall be decided by the Engineer during execution of the grouting works, keeping in view the grout injection behaviour.
灌浆期间，浆液配合比中的水和水泥含量以及配合比的变更由工程师视灌浆情况而定。
Grouting shall be terminated in each section at refusal which shall be deemed to occur when the grout take over a ten minute period is not greater than 2 litres per metre length of the stage being injected.
当浆液“吃不消”了的时候，某一段的灌浆活动就该终结了。“吃不消”指的是：每米的灌浆段每10分钟浆液吸收量不足2L的情况发生时。
Once the grouting of a section has been started, it shall be continued as far as is reasona bly practical without interruption until refusal is achieved. Should it be necessary to inter rupt an injection before it is complete (for instance if there is a plant breakdown), about 500 litre of clean water shall be run into the hole before it is allowed to stand.
一旦某一段的灌浆活动业已开始，按理讲，就应该尽可能不间断地持续下去直至“吃不消”。万一发生实在需要中断的情形（如：某一灌浆设备坏了）时，在允许停灌之前，须向孔中灌注约5001的干净水。
Grouting pressure will be determined by the Engineer, but shall not be more than 700kPa at the top of the hole. All grouting procedures may be varied by the Engineer to take account of the conditions encountered and the injections previously measured.
灌浆压力由工程师确定，但孔顶部压力不宜超出700kPa．灌浆程序可能有所变化，由工程师视当时所遇情形以及所测得的先一步的灌浆压力而定。
If, due to the size and continuity of fissures, the Engineer considers that it is impossible to reach the required pressure after pumping a reasonable volume of grout at the maximum workable water-cement ratio, a suitable admixture or sand will be added to the cement grout as directed by the Engineer. If this grout mix does not make it possible to reach the required pressure, the speed of pumping shall be reduced. If, during the grouting of any hole, grout is found to flow from adjacent holes in sufficient quantity to interfere seriously with the grou ting operation or to cause appreciable loss of grout, the pressure shall be maintained by means of a stop-cock or other suitable device until the grout has set to the extent that it will be retained in the hole.
由于裂缝的大小及伸延的情况不一，如果在灌注了大量的最大和易性的水泥浆之后，工程师认为还是不可能达到要求的压力，此时就需听从工程师的指示，在水（水泥浆液）中掺入适当而适量的外加剂或砂。如果浆液的配合比造成要求的灌浆压力不可能达到，就需降低灌浆速度。在浆液凝固之前，灌浆泵应和临近的已封口的以及其他有浆液渗出的灌浆孔连接起来，并按照工程师的旨意对所有这些孔灌浆。某一孔的灌浆完成之后，须通过一种管门或其他装置留住灌浆孔内的压力，直至浆液凝固到不再流动的程度才能释压。
Drainage wells 排水井
Drainage wells shall consist of Filter Pack surrounding the slotted PVC pipe strainer as shown on the Drawings.
排水井应有过滤填充料环绕开槽的PVC管滤网。
1. Drilling drainage well holes钻排水井
Holes for drainage wells shall not be smaller than the minimum size shown on the Draw-ings and shall be drilled as specified for exploratory holes. The Engineer may direct 4 inches diameter core to be recovered from portions of drainage well holes.
排水井的型号不能小于图纸上标明的最小尺寸要求，且要按照勘探井的要求钻凿。工程师可能要求从排水井某些深度段提取直径为4in的芯样。
Wells, 8 inches diameter (Type A ) and 18 inches diameter (Type B), shall be drilled as shown on the Drawing or as directed by the Engineer. The well shall be drilled straight and plumb. In no case shall wells deviate more than one in hundred from a vertical line. If the well does not meet the plumness and alignment requirements, the Contractor shall correct the plumbness and alignment at his own expense.
Bin直径的“A类井”和18in直径的“B类井”应按照图纸所示的方式（或图纸的要求）进行钻探（凿），或者按照工程师的指示进行钻探。排水井应垂直往下钻，离垂直线的偏差决不能超过1/100。如果所钻的排水井不能满足垂直度和准线要求，承包商须自负代价调整垂直度和准线。
The drilling for drainage wells shall be carried out either by reverse rotary drilling meth od, by percussion method or any other suitable method as approved by the Engineer. The type of bit used by the Contractor shall be to the approval of the Engineer.
排水井的钻探方法需经工程师的同意，可采用反向旋转钻机钻凿，也可用冲击钻或其他合适的方法。承包商所用的钻头需经工程师批准。
If stabilization of the drill hole is required to support the walls of the hole, casing shall be used. Mud drilling shall not be used. Where a drainage well is drilled (whether or not filters are in stalled) before all grouting has been completed within 100 feet of the location of the well, the Con tractor shall take such precautions as the Engineer shall direct or approve to prevent the well or fil ters becoming clogged with grout. If due to lack of care or negligence on the part of the Con tractor, the drain holes shall become filled with grout or otherwise clogged to impair their useful ness, the Contractor shall re-drill the drain holes to secure satisfactory development of the drainage well. Such re-drilling, or other remedial work as is required, shall be done by the Contractor at no additional cost to the Employer.
如果鉆井时要求稳定井壁的话，就需要利用套管。不能用泥浆钻探。如果排水井的开钻在周边100ft内的灌浆完成之前（不管是否安装了过滤器），承包商应采取谨慎的预防措施（按工程师的指点或经工程师同意）防止排水井或过滤器被灌浆液堵塞。如果工程师认为，因承包商的行为而使得排水井有被堵塞的危险，那么这样的排水井就应该灌注清水冲洗并临时封口。如果因承包商的疏忽大意导致排水井被浆液堵塞或其他物体堵塞，影响了排水井的正常功用，那么承包商须得重新钻凿此类排水井，以获得满意的效果。这样的重新钻井或其他必要的补救措施是承包商自己的行为，业主不追加任何费用。
2. Construction of the drainage wells 排水井的施工
The drainage wells shall be constructed by methods such that: the slotted PVC pipe strainer is centrally placed in the well; filter pack material is placed with no segregation; filter pack material is not contaminated, particularly by material dislodged from the sides of the well; filter pack material is properly compacted; the permeability of the ground surrounding the hole is not reduced.
排水井的施工方法包括：将开槽的PVC管滤网（过滤器）置于井的正中心；安置过滤填充料时不能有离析；过滤填充材料不能受到污染，尤其是不被从井边剥落下来的材料污染；将过滤填充材料适当地压实、塞密；不能导致排水井周围土质的渗漏。
The Contractor shall prepare and submit details of his proposed methods of constructing drainage wells to the Engineer for approval. These proposals shall include details of tests to be carried out by the Contractor on drainage well to demonstrate that the specified require ments are being met by his method of construction.
承包商应精心设计，并将自己拟用的排水井施工方法的详细情况提交给工程师批准。这些详细资料包括承包商将要使用的排水井检测的细节方法，用以证明他的施工方法可以满足规范要求。
The means adopted to locate the slotted PVC pipe strainer centrally in the well shall not block the annular space around the screen to the extent that settlement of the filter pack ma terial is prevented or, in the opinion of the Engineer, seriously inhibited.
安置开槽的PVC管过滤器（滤网）所使用的方法不能阻碍了滤网周围的环形空间，以至于阻止了过滤材料的沉陷；或者，在工程师看来，是严重的堵死了。
Immediately prior to placement of the slotted PVC pipe or solid PVC pipes, the drainage well hole shall be cleaned by means of bailers, calyx tools, barrel augers or similar tools. Cleaning of the hole by means of washing or jetting with limited amounts of water shall be permitted provided that the walls of the hole are not damaged by erosion or any other means.
在即将安装开槽的PVC管或未开槽（破口）的PVC管时，先将井内碎渣泥浆杂物打捞干净。排水井的井底清洁工具包括抽泥筒、萼式取芯工具、管式管道清除器或其他類似工具。井的清洗可以用限量的水冲洗或喷洗，只要井壁未受到腐坏或其他形式的破坏。
The slotted PVC pipe shall be centred in the hole by any means other than the use of spacers. The slotted PVC pipe shall be temporarily capped during the operation of placing Fine Filter Pack material around the pipe. The Contractor shall take all necessary actions including vibrating, tamping or other approved means to ensure that the Fine Filter Pack material is well compacted and continuous throughout the length of the drainage well and at an approved density. The Contractor shall ensure that the minimum thickness of the Fine Filter Pack surround is no where more than 1 inch less than the thick ness shown on the Drawings.
安装开槽的PVC管于排水井正中心时，决不能用垫块支撑。在开槽的PVC;管周围填充细过滤材料时，应临时的将管口封起来。用灌浆管、吊罐或类似的方法将细过滤填充材料置于井中开槽的PVC管周围，要确保细过滤填充材料不发生离析现象。细过滤填充材料决不能从井口往下倾倒。承包商应采取一切必要的手段，包括振压、捣打或其他许可的方式，以确保细过滤填充材料在整个井段都压得实在、均匀，并目，密度也符合要求。承包商要确保无论何处的细过滤填充材料层最小厚度不能低于图纸标定尺寸1in的厚度。
3. Development of drainage wells排水井的开发（即洗井）
The proposed method of developing the drainage wells shall be approved by the Engineer before developing work begins. The Contractor shall develop the well in a way necessary to obtain maximum yield of water per foot of drawdown and extract from the water bearing for mation the maximum practical quantity of such sands as may be drawn through the screen when the well is pumped under condition of maximum drawdown.The Contractor shall furnish all necessary compressors, plungers, bailers, or other equip ment needed to develop the well and clean all sediments from inside of the screen.
承包商拟用的排水井洗井方法在工作开始之前应报工程师批准。洗井的方法在水位每下降1ft时必须能获得最大的出水量，并且在水位下降最快的情况下，能通过滤网抽出载水层的尽可能最多的砂量。承包商应提供所有必要的设备，如空气压缩机、活塞、抽泥筒或其他设备，以获取钻探的进展，以及从滤网内清除所有的淤积物。
4. Pumped drainage wells 安装抽水泵的排水井
The drilling for pumped drainage wells shall be carried out either by reverse rotary drill ing method, by percussion method or any other suitable method as approved by the Engineer.The diameter of borehole will be 18in while the diameter of strainer will be l0in. Water will be used as drilling fluid. Bentonite will not be used in the drilling fluid.
装泵排水井的钻探，既可用反向旋转钻机、冲击钻机，还可以用其他合适的钻机探钻，只要工程师同意。钻孔的直径为l8in,滤网的直径为l0in。可用水位钻探液。钻探液中不能加膨润土。
After the completion of drilling and washing the hole, the associated materials (housing pipe, strainer pipe, blind pipe and blind end to well screen) will be lowered in sequence. These materials will be joined to each other by rivets and binding solution during the lower ing process. The verticality and centerline of each material segment length will be ensured. The Contractor will perform verticality and straightness tests in Engineer's presence and will be responsible for verticality and alignment of housing pipe required for proper installation of the pump and its smooth running.
钻井和洗井完成之后，各种相关的材料将相继置于井中，如套管、滤网管、滤网封闭管和封闭端管。在下放的过程中，用铆钉和胶水将这些材料相互连接起来。井中各段材料的中心位居和垂直度必须得到保证。垂直度和笔直度的检测需在工程师的监督之下进行，承包商应对套管安装的垂直度和准线负责。这样的套管是为正确地安装水泵以及保证水泵顺利运行服务的。
After ensuring the verticality, filter/shrouding will be poured through the annular space between the hole and hosing pipe with the help of polythene bag. The length of the filter pack will be decided by the Engineer. Gradation of sand for filter pack is given on the Draw ings.
在保证垂直度的情况下，借助于塑料袋将过滤材料倒人井壁和套管之间的环形空间里。过滤材料的填充长度由工程师确定。作过滤材料的砂的级别按照图纸规定的要求。
Above the shrouding material, bentonite will be used to seal the annular space between PVC pipe and borehole wall up to 5 ft. length. Thereafter, sand or cement/sand slurry will be used to fill the space up to the ground level. The wells will be developed and tested up to 1.5 times its actual design capacity or as directed by the Engineer.
在PVC套管和井壁之间环形空间的过滤材料的上面，用厚达5ft的膨润土封住这个环形空间。过后，再用砂浆或水泥砂浆填充这个空间直到地面。这样的井的开发应按实际设计能力的1.5倍，并进行测试；或按工程师的要求。
The submersible pumps of at least half cusec discharge capacity against 120ft. total pumping head would be installed in the wells.
相對抽水水头为120ft井，可以安装排水流量为0.5立方ft/秒的潜水泵。
5. Damage to Drainage Well holes排水井的损坏
Should any hole for drainage wells become damaged during drilling or at any other time due to the Contractor's negligence, the hole shall be cleaned out, re-drilled or abandoned. Any holes abandoned shall be filled with grout or otherwise plugged as directed. Holes that become damaged shall be cleaned out or abandoned filled and plugged by the Contractor at no additional cost to the Employer.
万一某一排水井因承包商的疏忽在钻井期间或其他某一时间被破坏了，这样的井应彻底清理干净、重新钻探，或者废弃不用。任何废弃的井应用水泥浆填充，或按要求封堵起来。毁坏了的井须由承包商自己负责，要么清理干净，要么废弃回填，要么封堵起来，业主不追加任何费用。
备注：原文出处：Ann Breen & Dick Rigby, Water Resources and Power, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 2004, pp.297-302