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特征和特点具有不同的含义和性质 :“特征”侧重于反映人或事物表象的区别性 ,特点侧重于反映人或事物内在素质的特殊性。就某一个方言区来说 ,特征侧重于同周边方言的区别 ,特点则侧重于同其他方言包括同北京话的比较。具有区别功能的方言特征一般具有单一性 ,内部的一致性 ,对周边方言的排他性等特性 ;反映方言内在性质的“特殊性”的特点 ,一般具有多元性 ,对内可以不具有一致性 ,对外可以不具有排他性 ,对于周边方言也可以不具有区别性。区别方言的特征和特点 ,有助于汉语方言的分区 ,有助于全面认识方言的词汇系统 ,有助于完善汉语方言研究的理论体系。文章针对汉语方言分区中方言区的划界、“方言岛”的类型归属 ,以及方言区的层次归属 ,特别是晋语的归属等问题 ,提出“特征判断法”、“特点判断法”和“综合判断法” ,主张用“综合判断法”来观察晋语的归属问题。文章认为从方言比较出发 ,方言词可分为特征词、特点词和特色词三个层次。
Characteristics and features have different meanings and characteristics: “Features” focuses on the distinctions that reflect the appearance of people or things, and their features focus on the particularities that reflect the intrinsic quality of people or things. As far as a dialectal district is concerned, the characteristics focus on the differences from the surrounding dialects, while the characteristics focus on comparisons with other dialects, including that of the dialect. Dialect features with distinguishing function generally have the characteristics of unity, internal consistency and exclusiveness of the surrounding dialects. The characteristics of the “particularity” that reflect the inherent nature of dialects are generally pluralistic and can not be internally consistent with each other. Can not be exclusive, for the surrounding dialects can also be non-discriminatory. Differentiating the features and characteristics of dialects contributes to the partition of Chinese dialects and helps to comprehensively understand the dialect vocabulary system and to improve the theoretical system of Chinese dialect research. In this paper, according to the problems of the dialectal area demarcation in Chinese dialect subdivision, the type affiliation of dialect island and the level ownership of dialectal areas, especially the attribution of Jin dialect, this paper puts forward the methods of “feature judgment”, “feature judgment” and “ Comprehensive Judgment Act, ”advocating the use of“ comprehensive judgment ”to observe the attribution of Jin language. According to the comparison of dialects, the article holds that dialect words can be divided into three categories: characteristic words, characteristic words and characteristic words.