所有的产业都面临替代品的威胁。替代是一种过程,通过此过程一种产品或服务取代了另一种来为买方实现一种特定功能或几种功能。由于存在替代品的威胁,限制了主产品价格的无限制上扬,同时互相促进,不断竞争博弈,促进了产品的质量和服务不断提高。一、如何辨识替代品?目前的航空货运替代品竞争环境怎样?随着中国经济的持续高速发展,国内和外国资本在公路和铁路方面的投资逐年扩大,使高速公路的建设里程逐年提高。1990年到2003年的14年间,中国公路建设累计投资近2万亿元,其中仅2003年就达3715亿元,2003年我国新修通了4600公里高速公路,全国高速公路通车总里程(不含台湾)延伸到2.98万公里。2004年中国新增公路通车里程4.6万公里,总里程将达185.6万公里;高速公 All industries face the threat of alternatives. Substitution is a process by which one product or service supersedes another to achieve a specific function or several functions for a buyer. Due to the threat of alternatives, the unlimited price increase of the main products is limited. At the same time, they promote each other and constantly compete with each other to promote the continuous improvement of product quality and service. I. How to Identify Alternatives? What is the current competition environment for air cargo alternatives? With the sustained and rapid development of China’s economy, domestic and foreign capital investment in highways and railways has been expanding year by year, resulting in an increase in the construction mileage of expressways year by year. In the 14 years between 1990 and 2003, the accumulated investment in road construction in China amounted to nearly 2 trillion yuan, of which 371.5 billion yuan was in 2003 alone. In 2003, China newly built a total of 4,600 kilometers of expressways and the entire national toll-freeway mileage Including Taiwan) extended to 29,800 km. In 2004, China added a total of 46,000 km of new roads to be opened to traffic with a total mileage of 1,856,000 km. The expressway