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经济增长靠什么?最主要的不是靠增加劳动力、资金、土地的投入量,而是靠技术进步。因此,如何精确地度量技术进步的水平、技术进步速度和技术进步对经济增长的贡献,已成为经济学界面临的一项迫切任务。世界各国虽然对此提出了上百种方法,但无一方法得到公认,都各有优缺点。目前使用较普遍的近似方法是用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数(简称C-D函数)来测算技术进步,我国在研究技术进步时也普遍使用此方法或其变型形式。用C-D函数测度技术进步,虽然有一些优点,但也存在着一些严重缺陷。本文拟就这种方法的优缺点进行简要分析,同时对缺点的弥补提出我们的粗浅看法。一、生产函数的最初设想是由瑞典著名经济学家威克塞尔提出来的。1901年,威克塞尔在他的主要著作之一的《政治经济学讲义》第1卷中,提出了生产函数的下述公式:
Economic growth depends on what? The most important thing is not by increasing labor, capital, land inputs, but by technological progress. Therefore, how to accurately measure the level of technological progress, the speed of technological progress and the contribution of technical progress to economic growth has become an urgent task facing economists. Although all countries in the world have come up with hundreds of methods for this purpose, none of them have been recognized and all have their own advantages and disadvantages. The approximate method currently used is to use the Cobb-Douglas production function (referred to as C-D function) to measure the progress of technology. This method, or its variants, is also commonly used in our country to study technological progress. The C-D function measures technological progress, although there are some advantages, but there are also some serious flaws. This article intends to make a brief analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this method, at the same time to make up for the shortcomings of our superficial view. First, the initial assumption of the production function is proposed by the famous Swedish economist Wicksell. In 1901, Wicksell presented the following formula for the production function in Volume 1 of his Handbook of Political Economy, one of his major books: