一、引进(清中叶—20世纪初) 油画作为西方文化的载体,随着基督教向东方的扩展而进入中国。据记载明万历年间意大利人利玛窦、罗明发等传教士在给万历皇帝的贡品中就带来了刻画精细、色彩斑斓的圣画像。清初姜绍书《天声书》中所记“利玛窦携来西域天主像及女人抱一婴儿,眉目衣纹,如明镜欲动,其端严娟秀,中国画工无所措手,”文中所描写的就是基督像及圣母像。这是目前国内所发现最早关于西方油画包括油画肖像进入中国的文字记载。 这些陆续传入中国的欧洲油画所展现物象精细逼真的造型功能和绚丽的色彩效果,使习惯于中国传统绘画形式的朝野人士对面貌迥异的新艺术感到新鲜、惊奇而青睐。因此,绘制油画肖像画一时在上层人物中成为时尚。但就当时人们的认识来说,与其说是对新艺术的追求,还不如说这门新艺术为他们增加了一种树碑立传和传世的极好方式,因而得以流传。循其在中国的传播渠道:一方面是经由官方渠道受皇帝、宫廷之命绘制皇帝本人及皇亲国戚、功臣家将的肖像画,颂扬朝廷功德以及记载历史;另一方面是民间渠道,主要是给沿海各通 I. Introduction (Qing Dynasty-Early 20th Century) As the carrier of western culture, oil painting entered China as Christianity expanded to the east. According to records, during the calendar year, the Italians Ricci and Limingfa brought the portraits of the portraits of fine and colorful saints in the tribute to the Emperor Wanli. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Jiang Shaoshu’s “Voice of the Sound” recorded "Ricci brought the Western Regions, like the image of an angel and a woman holding a baby, eyebrow clothing, such as the mirror to move, the end of Yan Juan show, It is the image of Christ and the image of Our Lady. This is the earliest recorded discovery that the portrait of western oil paintings including oil paintings entered China. These European paintings, which have been introduced into China in succession, show the realistic and vivid styling features and gorgeous color effects of the images. People in the field who are accustomed to traditional Chinese painting feel fresh and surprised at the different artistic styles of new art. As a result, drawing portraits of oil is fashionable in the upper class for a while. However, as far as people’s understanding was concerned, it was not so much a quest for new art as the new art was added to them as an excellent way of establishing and passing on the treasures of the tree of ideas. Following its channels of communication in China: on the one hand, portraits of the emperor and the relatives of the emperor, courtesy of the royal family and the portrayal of the merits of the court, celebrating the merit of the court and keeping records of history through official channels; on the other hand, private channels, mainly To all the way to the sea