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《论犹太人问题》在政治国家确立、市民社会解放的新时代背景下重新审视宗教问题。与基督教超越尘世的性质一致,政治国家超越于市民社会之上,实现了作为抽象的普遍性的基督教精神,并使现实的个人提升为抽象的类存在即公民。马克思认为,与此相反,自私自利的犹太教精神在失去了普遍性的市民社会中得到实现,而摆脱了人身依附关系并沦为缺陷定在的私人则成为犹太人。市民社会作为犹太精神的实现,只有在基督教世界,即实现了基督教的政治国家中才能得到实现,因为基督教、政治国家的实质是抽象的普遍性即二重性:普遍性从现实中分离出来并成为抽象,使现实变成缺乏自身普遍性的缺陷定在,同时作为一种现存的东西与缺陷性定在相并列,在现实生活和个体身上完成二重性。扬弃宗教的根本,是扬弃二重性。
“On the issue of the Jews,” revisiting religious issues in the context of the establishment of a political state and the liberation of civil society. In keeping with the nature of Christianity beyond the earth, the political state surpasses the civil society to realize the universal Christian spirit as an abstract, and to elevate the real individual into an abstract class that is a citizen. Marx, on the other hand, believes that the selfish Jewish spirit has been realized in a loss of universal civil society and that individuals who have escaped their personal dependency and have become de fi ciently established become Jews. The realization of civil society as a Jewish spirit can only be realized in the Christian world, that is, the political state that has realized Christianity. Because the essence of Christianity and political state is abstract universality or duality, universality is separated from reality and becomes abstract , Making the reality a flaw that lacks its own universality and at the same time settling for duality in real life and in the individual as an existential one in combination with its own defects. The fundamental principle of abandoning religion is to discard the duality.