自组织(self-organization)的概念来源于物理学。德国理论物理学家赫尔曼·哈肯认为,从组织的进化形式来看,可以分为两类:他组织和自组织。如果一个系统靠外部指令而形成组织,就是他组织;如果不存在外部指令,系统按照相互默契建构出某种规则,各尽其责而又协调地自动地形成有序结构,就是自组织。自组织现象无论在自然界还是在人类社会中都是普遍存在的。从云层的聚集,到生命的形成,乃至于动物群落的出现、国家的产生,都存在着一种“自组织”现象。在企业界也存在一种自组织结构,它使企业在生产 The concept of self-organization comes from physics. According to German theoretical physicist Hermann Haken, there are two types of organizations that can be divided into two categories: the organization and the self-organization. If a system forms an organization by external instruction, it is his organization. If there is no external instruction, the system constructs some rules according to each other’s mutual understanding. Each organization takes the responsibility and coordinatively forms the ordered structure automatically, which is self-organization. Self-organization phenomena are ubiquitous both in nature and in human society. From the gathering of the clouds to the formation of life, even the appearance of animal communities and the emergence of the state, there is a phenomenon of “self-organization.” There is also a self-organizing structure in the business world that enables businesses to produce