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在每个从幼稚走向成熟的个体生命生涯中,提出问题和解决问题成为探索世界的一个重要方式。正是由于人的这种生生不息探索问题的精神,人类发展历程才迥异于其他物种。历史这门学科正是关于人类发展历程的记载,它肇始于人类文明微光初现之时,又延续至现代生活的方方面面,如万花筒般几乎包含了一切人类活动。面对这么一个内容庞杂的学科,如何在初中三年系统翔实有效地把握人类发展的几千年历程,既是学生的学业任务之一,又是老师须时时刻刻考量的。现实既由历史发展而来,又不断影响着历史,现实与历史实则紧密相连,基于此,教师应有意识地引导学生带着问题进入课堂,将学生平日所见所思与教材内容相结合,然后在解决问题完成新课学习的基础上进一步提出新的问题,让学生带着问题进入生活这个更大的课堂中寻求答案,以此逐步培养学生的自主学习能力。以下将从初中生身心状况和历史知识水平分析、以教学案例说明在课堂中如何引入并培养问题意识和如何通过此种训练以逐步提高学生自学能力三个方面予以叙述。
In each individual life career from naive to mature, asking questions and solving problems has become an important way to explore the world. It is because of this spirit of continuous exploration of human problems that the human development process is different from other species. The discipline of history is a record of the course of human development. It began at the dawn of the glimmer of human civilization and continued into all aspects of modern life. Like kaleidoscope, it contains almost all human activities. Faced with such a complex subject, how to systematically and effectively grasp the development of human development in the three years of junior high school is not only one of the student’s academic tasks, but also the teacher’s constant consideration. Reality has evolved from history and history, and reality is closely linked with historical reality. Based on this, teachers should consciously guide students into classrooms with questions and combine the students’ expectations with the contents of the teaching materials. On the basis of solving the problem and completing the new class study, we will further raise new questions and ask students to seek answers in the larger classroom with the question of entering life, so as to gradually cultivate the students’ autonomous learning ability. The following will be described from three aspects: the analysis of the physical and mental status and historical knowledge of junior middle school students, the introduction of instructional examples and the cultivation of problem awareness in the classroom, and how to gradually improve students’ self-learning ability through such training.