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Background It is essential to clarify the interactions of hormones during the progression of human breast cancer. This study examined the effects of exogenous human leptin on estrogen receptor (ER) α and β in human breast tumor tissue in a nude mouse xenograft model.Methods We created nude mice xenografts of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and randomly divided them into an experimental group and a control group. The mice in experimental group were injected subcutaneously around tumors with human leptin, while the control group were injected with the same dose of normal saline. A real-time RT-PCR assay was developed to quantify the mRNA of Erα,β in the tumor tissues. Western blotting analyses were used to assess the relative quantities of the Erα,β proteins.Results Leptin-treated xenografted nude mice were successfully established. The amount of Era mRNA was significantly higher in the leptin group than in the control group (P