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考点一：现在完成时态
现在完成时是最重要的一种时态。主要用于：
1. 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
3. 在时间或条件从句中表示在将来某个时间之前要完成某个动作。
①Have you ever been to the West Lake? 你曾经去过西湖吗？
②I haven’t met her since then. 从那以后我再也没有见过她。
③I’ll return the magazine to you as soon as I have finished it.
我看完后就把杂志还给你。
重点提示：
1. 现在完成时常常有比较固定的“标志词”，如so far, recently, lately, ever, for…, since…, by now, this week, today, this morning, for the last few days, over a long time, yet, already, just等时间状语常与现在完成时态连用。有些句型通常也用现在完成时态。如：
①This is the first time that I have surfed the net.
这是我第一次上网。
②This is the best cell-phone that I have ever bought.
这是我买过的最好的手机。
2. 瞬间动词（如come, leave, die, buy, marry, join, fall等）用于完成时，表示一个动作的结束，它不表示动作的持续状态，不能和段时间状语（如 for a year, since 1990等）连用。如与段时间状语连用，句中的动词应用持续性动词或表示状态的动词。如：
①He has been here for five days. 他来这儿有五天了。
②How long have you had the car? 你买这部小汽车有多久了？
〔例1〕
Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science ____ that people
who don’t sleep well soon get ill.（2005广东卷）
A. showedB. has shownC. will shownD. is showing
〔解析〕B。根据句意“数年前我们不知道这一点，但是现代科学已经表明，睡不好觉的人很快就会生病”，可知强调的是现在的状况，故用现在完成时。
〔例2〕
My brother is an actor. He ____ in several films so far.
（2005浙江卷）
A. appearsB. appeared
C. has appearedD. is appearing
〔解析〕C。so far是很明显的时态标志词，故用现在完成时，表明到目前为止的情况。
〔例3〕
The coffee is wonderful!It doesn’t taste like anything I ____ before.（2005全国卷Ⅰ）
A. was havingB. have
C. have ever hadD. had ever had
〔解析〕C。此题考查时态，before一词是关键词，表示应用现在完成时态。句意：咖啡太好喝了，不像我以前喝过的任何东西。
考点二：一般过去时态
一般过去时主要表示在过去某一时刻发生的动作或存在的状态。在条件、时间、让步等状语从句中，常用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
①Jim sent a letter yesterday. 吉姆昨天寄了封信。
②She told me she wouldn’t leave until you came back.
她告诉我在你回来以前她是不会离开的。
重点提示：要注意一般过去时和现在完成时的区别。现在完成时表示某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，因此不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时只表示过去发生过某事，和现在没有关系，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。试比较：
①He has lost the key. 他把钥匙丢了。（现在没有了）
②He lost the key. 他把钥匙丢了。（现在可能找到了，也可能没找到）
〔例1〕
——If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6
o’clock.
——What a pity!Tina ____ here to see you.（2005湖南卷）
A. isB. wasC. would beD. has been
〔解析〕B。根据上句if 条件句中的过去完成时和主句的could+have done结构，可知是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，因此得知下句说的是过去的事实，故用一般过去时。
〔例2〕
At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ____ down to eat our picnic lunch.（2005上海卷）
A. sittingB. having seatC. to sitD. sat
〔解析〕D。句中的and是答题的关键。由此可知空白处所填的词与动词found一起作并列谓语，故用sat。
〔例3〕
Scientists think that the continents ____ always where they ____.
（2005北京卷）
A. aren’t; areB. aren’t; were
C. weren’t; areD. weren’t; were
〔解析〕C。本题考查一般过去时和一般现在时。第一空是指过去的状态用一般过去时；第二空是指现在的状态用一般现在时。句意为“科学家们认为大陆过去并不一直是在现在的位置”。
考点三：现在进行时态
现在进行时主要用于：
1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作。
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定正在进行。
3.表示反复发生的动作。常与always, constantly, forever, all the time等连用，表示说话人的不满、愤怒、抱怨、赞赏等情感。
①Go and see what is happening. 去看看发生了什么事情。
②It’s said that he’s writing a novel. 据说他在写一本小说。
③She’s constantly leaving things about. 她总是丢三落四。
④He’s always helping those in trouble. 他总是帮助有困难的人。
重点提示：
1. 一些表示位置移动的动词，如come, go, leave, stay, start, take, arrive, move, close等也可以用进行时态表示将来的动作。如：
He is coming back tomorrow. 他明天回来。
2. 过去进行时的构成是“was/were+v.-ing”。过去进行时与现在进行时的用法基本相同，只是助动词要用过去时形式。如：
①What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
你昨晚10点在干什么？
②The naughty boy was making trouble all the time.
那个淘气的男孩总是惹麻烦。
〔例1〕
Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People ____ to ask how I am going to spend the money.（2005湖南卷）
A. phoneB. will phone
C. were phoningD. are phoning
〔解析〕D。表示目前一段时间正在进行的动作，故用现在进行时。句意为“自从我获了大奖，就不停地有人给我打电话，问我打算怎样花那笔钱”。〔例2〕
——Are you still busy?
——Yes, I ____ my work, and it won’t take long. （2005浙江卷）
A. just finishB. am just finishing
C. have just finished D. am just going to finish
〔解析〕B。根据上句及答语的Yes和后句中的将来时态，可知finish这一动作尚未发生，故排除C。瞬间动词的一般现在时和现在进行时都可表示最近按计划安排要做的事。但一般现在时表示将来时，表示某个集体或组织的计划；现在进行时表示将来时间时，则强调个人在最近要做的事先安排、计划好的事情。根据句意“我正好要完成工作”，表示个人的计划，因此答案为B。
〔例3〕
Listen to the two girls by the window. What language ____?
（2005全国卷Ⅱ）
A. did they speakB. were they speaking
C. are they speakingD. have they been speaking
〔解析〕C。祈使句Listen to the two girls表示动作正在进行当中，故用现在进行时态。
〔例4〕
——What’s wrong with your coat?
——Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me____ on it.（2005重庆卷）
A. satB. had sat
C. had been sittingD. was sitting
〔解析〕D。根据句中when引导的时间状语可知，是指在过去某时正在发生的事情，因此用过去进行时。句意：“你的外套怎么了？”“刚才我想下车时，坐在我旁边的人正坐在上面。”
〔例5〕
The manager has fallen asleep where he ____, without undressing.
（2005安徽卷）
A. was laying B. was lying
C. had laidD. had lied
〔解析〕B。做此题首先必须弄明白：lie→lied→lied→lying（说谎）；lie→lay→lain→lying（躺，平放，位于）；lay→laid→laid→laying（放，下蛋）。根据句意“经理没脱衣服，在他躺的地方睡着了”，可知应填的动词是“躺”，因此用lie，现在分词为lying。
考点四：一般现在时态
一般现在时主要表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作或状态。在条件、时间、让步等状语从句中，可用一般现在时表示将来的动作。如：
①His father works on the farm. 他的父亲在农场工作。
②Even if it snows tomorrow, the performance won’t be called off.
即使明天下雪，演出也不会取消。
〔例1〕
Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, ____ in the clothing industry.（2005辽宁卷）
A. is workingB. worksC. workD. worked
〔解析〕C。本题既考查动词时态又考查主谓一致。句子的主语是a large number of women，因此谓语动词用复数形式，故排除A和B；根据句首的时间状语Nowadays，可知应该用一般现在时。
〔例2〕
——What would you do if it ____ tomorrow?
——We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.
（2005全国Ⅰ卷）
A. rainB. rainsC. will rainD. is raining
〔解析〕B。根据时间状语tomorrow可知用一般将来时，而if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时，即我们常说的“主将从现”。
考点五：过去完成时态
过去完成时是一种相对概念，是相对于过去某一时间或动作而言的。因此一定要在形式或意义上有明显的过去时间或动作作为参照标志。主要表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即动作或状态发生在“过去的过去”。常用于下列情形：
⑴主语+过去完成时+before从句（从句用一般过去时）
先发生的动作或状态 后发生的动作或状态
He had learned a little Japanese before he went to Japan.
⑵主语+过去完成时+by从句（从句用一般过去时）
先发生的动作或状态 后发生的动作或状态
They had lived here for nearly twenty years by the time they left for Beijing.
Our company had produced more than 5000 cars by the end of last month.
⑶主语+过去完成时+when从句（从句用一般过去时）
先发生的动作或状态 后发生的动作或状态
The film had been on for ten minutes when I got to the cinema.
⑷主语+told(said, knew, heard, thought…)+宾语从句（从句用过去完成时）
后发生的动作或状态 先发生的动作或状态
He told me (that) he had already bought that beautiful computer.
⑸利用上下文暗示
后发生的动作或状态 先发生的动作或状态
I was very sad when s we had been good friends since our childhood.
①He had taught English in a middle school for seven years before he went abroad. 他去国外前曾在一所中学教过七年英语。
②Though he left here, he had won several prizes since he came to our company.
虽然他已经离开了此地，但自从他来到我们公司，已经获过好几次奖了。
〔例1〕
Father ____ for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t seehim.（2005福建卷）
A. has leftB. leftC. was leavingD. had left
〔解析〕D。根据后句“所以我没见到他”，可知前句“我回来时父亲已经因公去伦敦了”，是发生在“过去的过去”的动作，故用过去完成时。
〔例2〕
When the old man ____ to walk back to his house, the sun ____ itself behind the mountain.（2005湖北卷）
A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
〔解析〕A。本题考查一般过去时和过去完成时。第一空是指过去某时发生的动作，用一般过去时；第二空的动作发生在started之前，即“过去的过去”，用过去完成时。句意为“老人开始往家走时，太阳已经落山了”。
〔例3〕
He ____ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.（2005北京卷）
A. has learnedB. would have learned
C. learnedD. had learned
〔解析〕D。主句的动作发生在entered the university之前。
〔例4〕
——Hurry up!Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gates.
——Oh!I thought they ____ without me.（2005江西卷）
A. wentB. are goingC. have goneD. had gone
〔解析〕D。I thought“原以为”之意， 后面的宾语从句用的是虚拟语气。
考点六：一般将来时
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
①I’ll be back in a minute. 我马上就回来。
②He’ll tell you all that you want to know when he comes back.
他回来后会把你想知道的一切都告诉你。
重点提示：
一般将来时还有以下几种表达方法：
1. 用be going to
⑴表示根据计划或安排要发生某事
She’s going to study abroad after graduation.
她打算毕业后去国外学习。
⑵表示根据某种迹象判断要发生某事
It’s going to snow, I think. 我想要下雪了。
2. 用be to do表示“按计划或安排做某事”。
We are to have an English exam next week.
我们下周有个英语测试。
3. 用be about to do，表示“即将发生某事”，不与明确的时间状语连用。
Hurry up!The bank is about to close. 快点，银行就要关门了。
〔例1〕
——Did you tell Julia about the result?
——Oh, no, I forget. I ____ her now.（2005全国卷Ⅲ）
A. will be callingB. will call
C. callD. am to call
〔解析〕B。be+to do表示的将来时，表示一种命令、安排，或表示必须、有义务要进行的动作。will+动词原形构成的将来时，表示单纯的将来或临时作出的决定，此题属于第二种用法。
〔例2〕
——What are you going to do this afternoon?
——I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film ____ quite
early, so we ____ to the bookstore after that. （2005重庆卷）
A. finished; am going B. finished; go
C. finishes; are going D. finishes; go
〔解析〕C。根据语境“今天下午你打算干什么？”可知是尚未发生的事情，故排除A和B；第一空瞬间动词finish的一般现在时表示将来时间，第二空“看完电影后我们要去书店”，表示打算做某事，应用be going to。
〔例3〕
As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when ____ and see him.
（2005北京卷）
A. you will comeB. will you come
C. you comeD. do you come
〔解析〕A。注意when引导的是一个宾语从句，故宾语从句谓语动词的时态用一般将来时，且按陈述句语序。
考点七：现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时的构成是“have/has been+v.-ing”，主要用法如下：
1. 表示动作从过去某个时间开始一直持续到现在，可能刚刚停止，也可能继续下去。
①How long have you been waiting here? 你在这儿等了多久了？
②She has been working in that company since she graduated from college. 她大学毕业后一直在那家公司工作。
2. 表示对重复动作的强烈感情色彩
①He’s been saying that at least ten times.
这话他已经说了至少10遍了。
②You’ve been working too hard these days. 最近你工作太辛苦了。
〔例〕
Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.（2004北京卷）
A. had consideredB. has been considering
C. consideredD. is going to consider
〔解析〕B。前半句是一般现在时，再结合“but she hasn’t decided yet”可知Lucy“一直在考虑”回学校学习。故用现在完成进行时。
同步训练题
1. Let’s keep to the point or we ____ any decisions. (‘04全国Ⅰ)
A. will never reachB. have never reached
C. never reachD. never reached
2. ——Has Sam finished his homework today?
——I have no idea. He ____ it this morning. (‘04全国Ⅱ)
A. didB. has doneC. was doingD. had done
3. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ____ 50 million. (‘04 福建)
A. have reachedB. has reached
C. are reachingD. had reached
4. ——Thank goodness, you’re here! What ____ you? (‘04全国Ⅳ)
——Traffic jam.
A. keepsB. is keepingC. had keptD. kept
5. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt ____ for London to attend a meeting.（’05天津卷）
A. will leave B. leavesC. will have leftD. left
6. Because the shop ____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
(‘04 浙江)
A. has closed downB. closed down
C. is closing downD. had closed down
7. ——You were out when I dropped in at your house.
——Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. (‘04 福建)
A. was waitingB. had waitedC. am waitingD. have waited
8. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ____ her somewhere. (‘04 湖北)
A. sawB. has seenC. seesD. had seen
9. ——You’ve left the light on.
——Oh, so I have. ____ and turn it off. (NMET2000)
A. I’ll goB. I’ve goneC. I goD. I’m going
10. The crazy fans ____ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived. (‘04 重庆)
A. were waitingB. had been waiting
C. had waitedD. would wait
11. ——Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
——Where was I?
——You ____ you didn’t like your father’s job. (‘04 北京春)
A. had saidB. said
C. were sayingD. had been saying
12. At this time tomorrow ____ over the Atlantic. (‘03 北京)
A. we’re going to flyB. we’ll be flying
C. we’ll flyD. we’re to fly
13. ——Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
——I ____, but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET1997)
A. hadB. wouldC. was going toD. did
14. ——You’re drinking too much.
——Only at home. No one ____ me but you. (‘00 北京春)
A. is seeingB. had seenC. seesD. saw
15. ——Your phone number again? I ____ quite catch it.
——It’s 9568442. (NMET1995)
A. didn’tB. couldn’tC. don’tD. can’t
Key(2)
现在完成时是最重要的一种时态。主要用于：
1. 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
3. 在时间或条件从句中表示在将来某个时间之前要完成某个动作。
①Have you ever been to the West Lake? 你曾经去过西湖吗？
②I haven’t met her since then. 从那以后我再也没有见过她。
③I’ll return the magazine to you as soon as I have finished it.
我看完后就把杂志还给你。
重点提示：
1. 现在完成时常常有比较固定的“标志词”，如so far, recently, lately, ever, for…, since…, by now, this week, today, this morning, for the last few days, over a long time, yet, already, just等时间状语常与现在完成时态连用。有些句型通常也用现在完成时态。如：
①This is the first time that I have surfed the net.
这是我第一次上网。
②This is the best cell-phone that I have ever bought.
这是我买过的最好的手机。
2. 瞬间动词（如come, leave, die, buy, marry, join, fall等）用于完成时，表示一个动作的结束，它不表示动作的持续状态，不能和段时间状语（如 for a year, since 1990等）连用。如与段时间状语连用，句中的动词应用持续性动词或表示状态的动词。如：
①He has been here for five days. 他来这儿有五天了。
②How long have you had the car? 你买这部小汽车有多久了？
〔例1〕
Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science ____ that people
who don’t sleep well soon get ill.（2005广东卷）
A. showedB. has shownC. will shownD. is showing
〔解析〕B。根据句意“数年前我们不知道这一点，但是现代科学已经表明，睡不好觉的人很快就会生病”，可知强调的是现在的状况，故用现在完成时。
〔例2〕
My brother is an actor. He ____ in several films so far.
（2005浙江卷）
A. appearsB. appeared
C. has appearedD. is appearing
〔解析〕C。so far是很明显的时态标志词，故用现在完成时，表明到目前为止的情况。
〔例3〕
The coffee is wonderful!It doesn’t taste like anything I ____ before.（2005全国卷Ⅰ）
A. was havingB. have
C. have ever hadD. had ever had
〔解析〕C。此题考查时态，before一词是关键词，表示应用现在完成时态。句意：咖啡太好喝了，不像我以前喝过的任何东西。
考点二：一般过去时态
一般过去时主要表示在过去某一时刻发生的动作或存在的状态。在条件、时间、让步等状语从句中，常用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
①Jim sent a letter yesterday. 吉姆昨天寄了封信。
②She told me she wouldn’t leave until you came back.
她告诉我在你回来以前她是不会离开的。
重点提示：要注意一般过去时和现在完成时的区别。现在完成时表示某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，因此不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时只表示过去发生过某事，和现在没有关系，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。试比较：
①He has lost the key. 他把钥匙丢了。（现在没有了）
②He lost the key. 他把钥匙丢了。（现在可能找到了，也可能没找到）
〔例1〕
——If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6
o’clock.
——What a pity!Tina ____ here to see you.（2005湖南卷）
A. isB. wasC. would beD. has been
〔解析〕B。根据上句if 条件句中的过去完成时和主句的could+have done结构，可知是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，因此得知下句说的是过去的事实，故用一般过去时。
〔例2〕
At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ____ down to eat our picnic lunch.（2005上海卷）
A. sittingB. having seatC. to sitD. sat
〔解析〕D。句中的and是答题的关键。由此可知空白处所填的词与动词found一起作并列谓语，故用sat。
〔例3〕
Scientists think that the continents ____ always where they ____.
（2005北京卷）
A. aren’t; areB. aren’t; were
C. weren’t; areD. weren’t; were
〔解析〕C。本题考查一般过去时和一般现在时。第一空是指过去的状态用一般过去时；第二空是指现在的状态用一般现在时。句意为“科学家们认为大陆过去并不一直是在现在的位置”。
考点三：现在进行时态
现在进行时主要用于：
1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作。
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定正在进行。
3.表示反复发生的动作。常与always, constantly, forever, all the time等连用，表示说话人的不满、愤怒、抱怨、赞赏等情感。
①Go and see what is happening. 去看看发生了什么事情。
②It’s said that he’s writing a novel. 据说他在写一本小说。
③She’s constantly leaving things about. 她总是丢三落四。
④He’s always helping those in trouble. 他总是帮助有困难的人。
重点提示：
1. 一些表示位置移动的动词，如come, go, leave, stay, start, take, arrive, move, close等也可以用进行时态表示将来的动作。如：
He is coming back tomorrow. 他明天回来。
2. 过去进行时的构成是“was/were+v.-ing”。过去进行时与现在进行时的用法基本相同，只是助动词要用过去时形式。如：
①What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
你昨晚10点在干什么？
②The naughty boy was making trouble all the time.
那个淘气的男孩总是惹麻烦。
〔例1〕
Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People ____ to ask how I am going to spend the money.（2005湖南卷）
A. phoneB. will phone
C. were phoningD. are phoning
〔解析〕D。表示目前一段时间正在进行的动作，故用现在进行时。句意为“自从我获了大奖，就不停地有人给我打电话，问我打算怎样花那笔钱”。〔例2〕
——Are you still busy?
——Yes, I ____ my work, and it won’t take long. （2005浙江卷）
A. just finishB. am just finishing
C. have just finished D. am just going to finish
〔解析〕B。根据上句及答语的Yes和后句中的将来时态，可知finish这一动作尚未发生，故排除C。瞬间动词的一般现在时和现在进行时都可表示最近按计划安排要做的事。但一般现在时表示将来时，表示某个集体或组织的计划；现在进行时表示将来时间时，则强调个人在最近要做的事先安排、计划好的事情。根据句意“我正好要完成工作”，表示个人的计划，因此答案为B。
〔例3〕
Listen to the two girls by the window. What language ____?
（2005全国卷Ⅱ）
A. did they speakB. were they speaking
C. are they speakingD. have they been speaking
〔解析〕C。祈使句Listen to the two girls表示动作正在进行当中，故用现在进行时态。
〔例4〕
——What’s wrong with your coat?
——Just now when I wanted to get off the bus, the man next to me____ on it.（2005重庆卷）
A. satB. had sat
C. had been sittingD. was sitting
〔解析〕D。根据句中when引导的时间状语可知，是指在过去某时正在发生的事情，因此用过去进行时。句意：“你的外套怎么了？”“刚才我想下车时，坐在我旁边的人正坐在上面。”
〔例5〕
The manager has fallen asleep where he ____, without undressing.
（2005安徽卷）
A. was laying B. was lying
C. had laidD. had lied
〔解析〕B。做此题首先必须弄明白：lie→lied→lied→lying（说谎）；lie→lay→lain→lying（躺，平放，位于）；lay→laid→laid→laying（放，下蛋）。根据句意“经理没脱衣服，在他躺的地方睡着了”，可知应填的动词是“躺”，因此用lie，现在分词为lying。
考点四：一般现在时态
一般现在时主要表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作或状态。在条件、时间、让步等状语从句中，可用一般现在时表示将来的动作。如：
①His father works on the farm. 他的父亲在农场工作。
②Even if it snows tomorrow, the performance won’t be called off.
即使明天下雪，演出也不会取消。
〔例1〕
Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, ____ in the clothing industry.（2005辽宁卷）
A. is workingB. worksC. workD. worked
〔解析〕C。本题既考查动词时态又考查主谓一致。句子的主语是a large number of women，因此谓语动词用复数形式，故排除A和B；根据句首的时间状语Nowadays，可知应该用一般现在时。
〔例2〕
——What would you do if it ____ tomorrow?
——We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.
（2005全国Ⅰ卷）
A. rainB. rainsC. will rainD. is raining
〔解析〕B。根据时间状语tomorrow可知用一般将来时，而if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时，即我们常说的“主将从现”。
考点五：过去完成时态
过去完成时是一种相对概念，是相对于过去某一时间或动作而言的。因此一定要在形式或意义上有明显的过去时间或动作作为参照标志。主要表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即动作或状态发生在“过去的过去”。常用于下列情形：
⑴主语+过去完成时+before从句（从句用一般过去时）
先发生的动作或状态 后发生的动作或状态
He had learned a little Japanese before he went to Japan.
⑵主语+过去完成时+by从句（从句用一般过去时）
先发生的动作或状态 后发生的动作或状态
They had lived here for nearly twenty years by the time they left for Beijing.
Our company had produced more than 5000 cars by the end of last month.
⑶主语+过去完成时+when从句（从句用一般过去时）
先发生的动作或状态 后发生的动作或状态
The film had been on for ten minutes when I got to the cinema.
⑷主语+told(said, knew, heard, thought…)+宾语从句（从句用过去完成时）
后发生的动作或状态 先发生的动作或状态
He told me (that) he had already bought that beautiful computer.
⑸利用上下文暗示
后发生的动作或状态 先发生的动作或状态
I was very sad when s we had been good friends since our childhood.
①He had taught English in a middle school for seven years before he went abroad. 他去国外前曾在一所中学教过七年英语。
②Though he left here, he had won several prizes since he came to our company.
虽然他已经离开了此地，但自从他来到我们公司，已经获过好几次奖了。
〔例1〕
Father ____ for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t seehim.（2005福建卷）
A. has leftB. leftC. was leavingD. had left
〔解析〕D。根据后句“所以我没见到他”，可知前句“我回来时父亲已经因公去伦敦了”，是发生在“过去的过去”的动作，故用过去完成时。
〔例2〕
When the old man ____ to walk back to his house, the sun ____ itself behind the mountain.（2005湖北卷）
A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
〔解析〕A。本题考查一般过去时和过去完成时。第一空是指过去某时发生的动作，用一般过去时；第二空的动作发生在started之前，即“过去的过去”，用过去完成时。句意为“老人开始往家走时，太阳已经落山了”。
〔例3〕
He ____ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.（2005北京卷）
A. has learnedB. would have learned
C. learnedD. had learned
〔解析〕D。主句的动作发生在entered the university之前。
〔例4〕
——Hurry up!Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gates.
——Oh!I thought they ____ without me.（2005江西卷）
A. wentB. are goingC. have goneD. had gone
〔解析〕D。I thought“原以为”之意， 后面的宾语从句用的是虚拟语气。
考点六：一般将来时
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
①I’ll be back in a minute. 我马上就回来。
②He’ll tell you all that you want to know when he comes back.
他回来后会把你想知道的一切都告诉你。
重点提示：
一般将来时还有以下几种表达方法：
1. 用be going to
⑴表示根据计划或安排要发生某事
She’s going to study abroad after graduation.
她打算毕业后去国外学习。
⑵表示根据某种迹象判断要发生某事
It’s going to snow, I think. 我想要下雪了。
2. 用be to do表示“按计划或安排做某事”。
We are to have an English exam next week.
我们下周有个英语测试。
3. 用be about to do，表示“即将发生某事”，不与明确的时间状语连用。
Hurry up!The bank is about to close. 快点，银行就要关门了。
〔例1〕
——Did you tell Julia about the result?
——Oh, no, I forget. I ____ her now.（2005全国卷Ⅲ）
A. will be callingB. will call
C. callD. am to call
〔解析〕B。be+to do表示的将来时，表示一种命令、安排，或表示必须、有义务要进行的动作。will+动词原形构成的将来时，表示单纯的将来或临时作出的决定，此题属于第二种用法。
〔例2〕
——What are you going to do this afternoon?
——I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film ____ quite
early, so we ____ to the bookstore after that. （2005重庆卷）
A. finished; am going B. finished; go
C. finishes; are going D. finishes; go
〔解析〕C。根据语境“今天下午你打算干什么？”可知是尚未发生的事情，故排除A和B；第一空瞬间动词finish的一般现在时表示将来时间，第二空“看完电影后我们要去书店”，表示打算做某事，应用be going to。
〔例3〕
As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when ____ and see him.
（2005北京卷）
A. you will comeB. will you come
C. you comeD. do you come
〔解析〕A。注意when引导的是一个宾语从句，故宾语从句谓语动词的时态用一般将来时，且按陈述句语序。
考点七：现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时的构成是“have/has been+v.-ing”，主要用法如下：
1. 表示动作从过去某个时间开始一直持续到现在，可能刚刚停止，也可能继续下去。
①How long have you been waiting here? 你在这儿等了多久了？
②She has been working in that company since she graduated from college. 她大学毕业后一直在那家公司工作。
2. 表示对重复动作的强烈感情色彩
①He’s been saying that at least ten times.
这话他已经说了至少10遍了。
②You’ve been working too hard these days. 最近你工作太辛苦了。
〔例〕
Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.（2004北京卷）
A. had consideredB. has been considering
C. consideredD. is going to consider
〔解析〕B。前半句是一般现在时，再结合“but she hasn’t decided yet”可知Lucy“一直在考虑”回学校学习。故用现在完成进行时。
同步训练题
1. Let’s keep to the point or we ____ any decisions. (‘04全国Ⅰ)
A. will never reachB. have never reached
C. never reachD. never reached
2. ——Has Sam finished his homework today?
——I have no idea. He ____ it this morning. (‘04全国Ⅱ)
A. didB. has doneC. was doingD. had done
3. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ____ 50 million. (‘04 福建)
A. have reachedB. has reached
C. are reachingD. had reached
4. ——Thank goodness, you’re here! What ____ you? (‘04全国Ⅳ)
——Traffic jam.
A. keepsB. is keepingC. had keptD. kept
5. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt ____ for London to attend a meeting.（’05天津卷）
A. will leave B. leavesC. will have leftD. left
6. Because the shop ____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
(‘04 浙江)
A. has closed downB. closed down
C. is closing downD. had closed down
7. ——You were out when I dropped in at your house.
——Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. (‘04 福建)
A. was waitingB. had waitedC. am waitingD. have waited
8. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he ____ her somewhere. (‘04 湖北)
A. sawB. has seenC. seesD. had seen
9. ——You’ve left the light on.
——Oh, so I have. ____ and turn it off. (NMET2000)
A. I’ll goB. I’ve goneC. I goD. I’m going
10. The crazy fans ____ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived. (‘04 重庆)
A. were waitingB. had been waiting
C. had waitedD. would wait
11. ——Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
——Where was I?
——You ____ you didn’t like your father’s job. (‘04 北京春)
A. had saidB. said
C. were sayingD. had been saying
12. At this time tomorrow ____ over the Atlantic. (‘03 北京)
A. we’re going to flyB. we’ll be flying
C. we’ll flyD. we’re to fly
13. ——Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
——I ____, but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET1997)
A. hadB. wouldC. was going toD. did
14. ——You’re drinking too much.
——Only at home. No one ____ me but you. (‘00 北京春)
A. is seeingB. had seenC. seesD. saw
15. ——Your phone number again? I ____ quite catch it.
——It’s 9568442. (NMET1995)
A. didn’tB. couldn’tC. don’tD. can’t
Key(2)