论文部分内容阅读
第一节 主谓一致
要点归纳
典型考题例析
1.(2007包头市)－Who willteach youto SWim this
summer?
－The twins．Because_____Lily_____Lu－
cy SWim very well．
A.both：and B.neither；nor
C.either；or D.not only．but also
点拨：both…and…连接主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。答案为：A。
2.(2007兰州市)James with the Greens
the White Tower Park if it_____tomorrow．
A.are going to；isn’t rainy
B.are going to；doesn’t rain
C.is going to；won’t rain
D.is going to；isn’t rainy
点拨：本句的主语为James，with the Greens是介词短语，因此第一空谓语动词应用单数形式；第二空是条件状语从句．应用一般现在时表示将来。答案为：D。
3.(2007山西省)It rained heavily this morning，but
_____of my classmates were late for sch001．
A.neither B.none C.all
点拨：根据but，应先排除C；“neither(两者)of 名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式；“none of 名词复数(三者或三者以上)”谓语动词可用单数或复数。答案为：B。
4.(2007陕西省)Trees and flowers_____every
year to make our country more beautiful．
A.is planted B.was planted
C.are planted D.were planted
点拨：and连接的两个主语时，意义上表示复数，谓语动词通常用复数形式。答案为：C。
5.(2007临沂市)Not only Jim but also his sister_____a few cities in the SOUth since they came to China．
A.will visit B has visited
C.have visited D.visited
点拨：由并列连词not only…but also…，ei－ther…or…，neither…nor…等连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式一般采取就近原则。另根据since they came to China，主句中的谓语动词应用现在完成时。答案为：B。
6.(2007济宁市)In the coming summer h01idays，my
family_____going to take a one－week trip to
Qingdao．
A.is B.are C.was D.were
点拨：集合名词family，此处强调其中的每个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。答案为：B。
误区警示
Everyone except BiU and Jim_____therewhen the meeting begaru
A.was B.is C.are D.were
同学们认为Bill and Jim是复数形式，所以后面用复数形式vv’ere。其实本句的主语是everyone，主语后面的except Bill and Jim是介词短语。介词with，together，like，but，except，besides等构成的介词短语放在主语后面时，其谓语动词的数不受影响，即主语是单数，谓语动词就用单数，主语是复数，谓语动词也用复数。本题答案为A。在解主谓一致的题目时，关键是要注意其有关原则，掌握常见的主谓一致的形式。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.HOW time flies!Ten years_____passed．
A.have B.has
C.is D.are
( )2.The childran without parents_____good
care of by their teachers in this speeial
school．
A.takes B.take
C.is taken D.are taken
( )3．Olymic(奥林匹克)Games_____every
four years．
A.held B.hold
C.are held D.is held
( )4.70％of the carth_____covered with wa－
tar．
A.are B.is C.were D.being
( )5.A message sent between computers_____
an email．
A.are B.is C.have D.has
( )6.In our school library there_____a number
of books on science and the humber of tham
_____growing larger and 1arger．
A.is：are B.are；is
C.has；is D.have；are
( )7.Here_____some flowers and some money
for you．
A.is B.are C.has D.have
( )8.Either Jane or Steven_____watching TV
now．
A.were B.is C.are D.was
( )9.The writer and teacher_____come alre
ady．Let’s visit him now．
A.has B.have C.is D.are
( )10.All the students and their class teacher
_____interested in the film they saw yes－
terday evening．
A.is B.will be C.was D.were
( )11.Seeing_____believing．
A.be B.are C.was D.is ( )12.I wonder if anybody_____going to take
me home when the party is over．
A.was B.were C.are D.is
( )13.The police_____still busy looking for
the missing boy．
A.has B.are C.is D.have
( )14._____she or you going to Beijing next
week?
A.Is B.Are C.Was D.Were
( )15.I like the pictures which_____on show．
A.are B.was C.is D.being
二、从题后括号内选择正确的词填空。
一、过“引导词关”
宾语从句的引导词通常分为三个类型。
1.当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时，用that引导从句，其中that无具体意义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said，“Simon will visit the GreatWall tomorrow”－He said(that)Simon would visitthe Great Wall the next day．
2.当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时，用if或whether引导从句，意为“是否”。如：Sally asks，“Does Chen Huan miss her parents?”－Sally asks if／whether Chen Huan misses her parents．
whether与if用法的对比：
whether和if引导宾语从句时，可以互换使用。如：I don’t know whether／if she will come．我不知道她是否会来。
在“be＋形容词”之后，用whether或if均可。如：1 was not sure whether／if he would come to attendthe meeting．我不能肯定他是不是会来参加会议。
但在下列情况下只能用whether，不能用 if：
(1)引导表语从句或同位语从句。如：The ques－tion is whether the lecture is worth listening to．问题是这报告是否值得听。
(2)在句首引导主语从句。如：Whether this istrue or not，I can’t say．这是不是真的，我说不准。
(3)whether后可以直接跟不定式，if则不能。如：She hasn’t decided whether to go or not．她还没有决定去还是不去。
(4)在介词之后只能用whether，不能用if口如：Everything depends on whether we have enough mon－ey．一切取决于我们是否有足够的钱。
(5)whether后面能紧跟or not，if则不能。如：Idon’t know whether or not they will come for ourhelp．我不知道他们是否来帮助我们。
3.当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变化而来时，则用连接代词who／whose／what／which或连接副词when／where／why／hOW等引导。它们在从句中都充当一定的句子成分，不可省略。如：Lingling wantedto know．When will the meeting begin?－Lingling wanted to know when the meeting would begin．
二、过“语序关”
在含有宾语从句的复合句中，充当宾语从句的句子不管原来是什么语序，在从句中都用陈述句语序，即：“引导词 主语 谓语 其他”结构。如：Tom Said．I have had the MP4 for a year．(从句为陈述句)－Tom said he had had the MP4 for a year．
Sally asked．Is the boy a student?(从句为一般疑问句)一Sally asked if／whether the boy was a student．
Chen Huan wanted to know．Where is the post office?(从句为特殊疑问句)－Chen Huan wanted to know where the post office was．
注意：当who在从句中作主语时，语序本来就是“主语 谓语”，所以就不再变了。如：The teacher asked．Who is the first to come here?－The teacher asked who was the first t0 come here．
三、过“时态关”
宾语从句的时态，要受到主句时态的限制，即要与主句时态呼应。含有宾语从句的主从复合句在时态呼应上要遵循以下三条规则：
1.当主句的时态是一般现在时、一般将来时、祈使句时，从句的时态可根据意义的需要而选用任意一种。如：
Do you know who lost a Walkman yesterday?
Please tell me why he hasn’t come yet．
Will you show me how you worked out the
maths problem?
2.若主句的时态为一般过去时，宾语从句须用相对应的过去的某一种时态。这种时态的对应主要包括：一般现在时——一般过去时；一般将来时——过去将来时；一般过去时——过去完成时；现在进行时——过去进行时；现在完成时——过去完成时。如：
Mr Zhang said．I am a teache－Mr Zhang said(that)he was a teacher．
We asked him．What are you doing?——We asked him what he was doing．
I asked your secretary if she could come．
3.当宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言警句、谚语等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句一律用一般现在时。如：Our teacher told us light travels faster than sound．
四、宾语从旬的简化
1.当主句的谓语动词是hope，agree，wish，choose，decide，promise等，后面带宾语从句，且主从句主语相同时，可以简化成不定式结构作宾语。如：I hope that I shall see you soon．－I hope to see you soon．
2.当主句谓语动词是decide，wonder，know，learn，forget，remember等词时，后面带的宾语从句可简化成“疑问词 不定式”结构，此时，主从句主语也须一致。如：I don’t know what I should do next．－I don’t know what to d0 next．
She hasn’t decided whether she should go or not．－She hasn’t decided whether to go or not．
3.当主句谓语动词是ask，tell，show，teach等，后带双宾语，且从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可转化成“疑问词 不定式”结构。如：
Would you please tell me how l can get to the cinema?－Would you please tell me how to get tothe cinema?
Please tell me where I can find her．－Please tell me where to find her．
但是，如果间接宾语和从句的主语不一致。一般不要把宾语从句简化，否则会产生歧义。如：
She didn’t tell me where she would go．－She didn’t tell me where to go．简化的句子含义有以下两种：“她没有告诉我她要去什么地方。”或“她没有告诉我我要去什么地方。”
4.当主句的谓语动词是order(命令)，require(需要)等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可转化成“名词(：代词) 不定式”结构。如：The teacher ordered that we should go at once．－The teacher or－dered us to gO at once．
5.除了以上用不定式简化宾语从句之外，也可以采用另外一些结构。如：Tom insisted that he should g0 with us．－Tom insisted on going with us．
典型考题例析
1.(2007兰州市)－Would you please tell me______?
－OK。her name is Ciei．
A.what was her name
B.what her namewas
C.what ls her name
D.what her name is
点拨：主句WOUld you please teU me是一种客气委婉的说法，不要把它看作是过去时态；在宾语从句中要用陈述句的语序。答案为：D。
2.(2007山西省)－Did you know______at the bus stop?
－Maybe their teacher．
A.who are they waiting for
B.whom they are waiting for
C.whom they were waiting fOr
点拨：主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句中的时态也应用过去时态的某一形式。答案为：C。
3.(2007潍坊市)－Does Ted tell you if he
______next Sunday?
－No，he doesn’t．But if he——，I’1l give you a ring．
A．will come swill come
B.comes；will come
C.comes；comes
D.will come；comes
点拨：本题考查if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句的区别：if(是否)引导宾语从句时，按具体情况来定所需的时态。if(如果)引导状语从句时，要用一般现在时表示将来。答案：D。
4.(2007潍坊市)Our physics teacher told us light______faster than sound last term．
A.travels B.travel
C.travelled D.travellir培
点拨：宾语从句表示的是客观事实，无论主句时态如何，宾语从句中都应用一般现在时。答案为：A。
误区警示
宾语从句是中考考查的重点，重点考查宾语从句的引导词、语序和时态。在中考阅卷中发现许多同学在时态的运用上及语序的运用上常常发生错误，请同 学们要特别注意上文所讲的“时态关”和“语序关”。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.I didn’t know______they eould pass the
exam Or not．
A.that B.what
C.which D.whether
( )2.You can’t imagine______when they re－
ceived these nice Christmas presents．
A.how they were excited
B.how excited they were
C.how excited were they
D.they were hOW excited
( )3.－What are you searching the Internet for?
－I’mtrying to find out______．
A.what’s difference between SARS and
BIRDFLU
B.how many people have died in Iraq
C.hOW protect our environmertt
D.whv isn’t our Chinese team able to beat
Korea
( )4.－I hear that Yi Zhongtian will come to Wu－
hu and give a talk．
－Really?Do you know______?
A.what w订l he talk about
B.where will he give a talk
C.how will he come
D.when he will arrive
( )5.－Do you know______?
－Sorry，but if he______back，I______
you know as soon as possible．
A．when will he be back：comes；wiIl let
B.when he will be back：will come；will let
C.what time will he be backl wnl come；let
D.what time he will be back：comes；wnl let
( )6.－When are the Shutes 1caving for New York?
－Pardon?
－I asked
A.when are the Shutes leaving for New York
B.when the Shutes are leaving for New York
C.when were the Shutes leaving for New York
D.when the Shutes were leaving for New York
( )7.He asked me
A.if she will come
B.how many b00ks I want to have
C.they would help us do it
D．what was wrong with me
( )8.Mike，go and see who______football on
the playground．
A.is playing B.plays
C.played D.were playing
( )9.The woman still doesn’t know what
in her hometown whne she was away．
A.happens B.happened
C.will happen D.was happened
( )10.I’d like to know
A.when will he give back the tape
B.whether has he received higher education
C.that he has been busy
D.whether she will join in our Enghsh eve－
ning
( )11.Could you tell me______?
A.which room he liyes
B.which room he lived
C.which room did he live in
D.which room he lives in
( )12.She said she______me five letters in one
month．
A.has written B.will write
C.had written D.wrote
( )13.－Do you know______we’ll get there at
3：00 this afternoon?
－I’m afraid we’ll be late．
A.that B.hoe
C.why D.whether
( )14.－Could you teU me______tomor－
row morning?
－WeU，it wm start at 9：00 O’clock．
A.when the meeting will start
B.where will the meeting start
C.where the meeting starts
D.when the meeting WOUld start
( )15.－I teally want to know______Sun Yao is．
－It is said that he is much better these
days．
A.what B.how
C.where D.who
二、仿照例句，合并句子。
Model: They are stars. We know.
We know that they are stars.
1.He’s looking up to see the bird. We know.
_____________________________________
2.Is our nearest star too small to see? You may want to know.
___________________________________
3.Why won’t you stay at school? I wondered.
___________________________________
4.What are they talking about? I don’t know.
___________________________________
5.What does it mean by studying hard? You will un－
derstand.
___________________________________
6.Where is the moon? Helen wants to know.
___________________________________
7.Does Miss Green have her lunch at school? I didn’t
know.
___________________________________
8.Is there anything wrong with her radio? Mrs White
asked Mary.
___________________________________
9.This is an easy question. It seemed.
___________________________________
10.How is he going to use the computer? Tom
knew.
___________________________________
三、根据汉语意思完成下列各句。
1.我们不知道在哪儿下车。
We didn’t know________get off．
2.你能告诉我谁教我们物理吗?
Could you tell me________________
3.他知道他们什么时候去英国吗?
Does he know when________go to England?
4.我实在不知道他明天去不去上海。
I reaIly don’tknow________
go to Shanghai tomorrow．
5.杰克没有告诉我们汤姆能否准时完成作业。
Jack didn’t tell us________________
finish his homework________________ ．
6.我们相信我们队将会打赢这场足球赛。
We believed________our team________
________the football game．
7.你能告诉我他们在哪儿比赛吗?
Could you tell me________________
having the lnatch?
8.我们想知道他们将在这儿逗留多久。
We wondered________________
9.请告诉我太阳离我们有多远。
Please tell me how________
________from us．
10.贝贝问她的母亲下周三是否去乡间露营。Beibei asked her mother if she________________ in the country______.
四、将下列宾语从句转化为简单旬。
1.I don’t know what I should do next.
________________________
2.He ordered him that he should do it at once.
________________________
3.Miss Green agreed that she would help me with
my Japanese.
________________________
4.I have forgotten how I can run the machine.
________________________
5. He found that the problem was very difficult.
________________________
第三节 状语从句
要点归纳
状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时，常用逗号分开，放在主句之后一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意义和作用可以分为时间、条件、原因、结果、目的、让步、比较等。
1.时间状语从句
(1)时间状语从句一般不用将来时，如果主句是一般将来时、祈使句或含有将来的意味，when，assoon as，till／until等引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：We’ll have to clean the plates before Mother comes home．
(2)when’as，while都表示“当……的时候”，但when引导的时间状语从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时发生，也可以先后发生；while既可指时间点，也可指时间段；用as，while时则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生；但while只能表示一段时间，从句须用延续性动词。如：He is listening to the music whileshe is washing clothes．
(3)till和until都表示“直到……为止”，主句用延续性动词，主句和从句都用肯定式；表示“直到……才”时，主句用终止性动词，从句用肯定式。主句用否定式。until较till正式，until引导的时间从句可以放在句首。如：
She won’t go away till you promise to help her．
Until you told me．I had heard 0f nothing about what happened．
(4)since引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时，其主句一般使用现在完成时。如：Jim has been in thefactory for two years since he left school．
2.条件状语从句
条件状语从句由if(如果)，as long as(只要)等引导。如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时。如：The students will go to the Summer Palace if it doesn’t rain tomorrow．
3.原因状语从句
原因状语从句由because(因为)，as(由于)，since(既然，由于)等引导。because(因为)不能和so(所以)用在同一个句子中。如：－Is David at school to－day?－No．He is at home because he has a bad cold．
4.结果状语从句
结果状语从句一般由so…that…(如此……以至……)，such…that…(如此……以至……)等引导。从句常用can，could等情态动词。如：He hurt her so badly that she had to see a doctor．
so…that…与such…that…的区别是：so后跟形容词或副词，such后跟名词。如：
It rained so heavily that nobody could walk out－side．
She is such a lovely girl that people like her very much．
so…that…引导的状语从句如果是否定意义，可以变为too…to…结构的简单句。如：
It’s so heavy that we can’t move it．－It’s too heavy for us to move．
5.目的状语从句
目的状语从句常由so that(为了，以便)，in order that等引导，放在主句之后，从句中常用can，could，may，might等动词，in order that引导的从句可以放在主句前。如：
If you do know。answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear you．如果你知道(答案)，就用足够大的声音来回答，以便全班同学都能听得见。
We stopped at Hangzhou so that we might go tothe West Lake．我们在杭州停了下来，以便能去看看西湖。
In order that every student might understand it．the teacher explained that passage again and agaim为了让每个学生都能明白，老师把那一节解释了一遍又一遍。
so that引导的目的状语从句可转换成动词不定式短语。如：－She hurried to sch001 s0 that shemight not be 1ate．－She hurried t0 sch001 in 0rder notto be late．
6.让步状语从句
让步状语从句由although，though(虽然，尽管)，as(虽然，尽管)等引导。如：He’s good at volleyballthough he isn’t talI enough．
as引导让步状语从句时，常用倒装语序，倒装的成分常是形容词、名词、分词、副词或动词。若倒装的是单数名词时，其前不加冠词。如：
C1ever as he is，he doesn’t study well．
Hard as I tried，1 was unable to make much pro—gress．
Child as he is．he knows a great deal．
注意：although／though(虽然)不能与but(但是)用在同一个句子中，两者只能选其一。
7.比较状语从句
比较状语从句由than(比)as…as…(和……一样)，not as／s0…as…(和……不一样)等连词引导。如：
I know you better than he does．
This story is as interesting as that one(is)．
典型考题例析
1.(2007兰州市)My brother is going to look for an－other job________the company offers him more money．
A.after B.when
C.unless D.besides
点拨：根据题干意义“我的哥哥将去寻找另一份工作，(除非)公司给他更多的钱”，应该用unIess。答案为：C。
2.(2007贵阳市)If Betty has time，she________
climbing with parents tomorrow．
A.goes to B.will go C.doesn’t go
点拨：观察题干，可知本题是考查if条件状语从句 主句结构，条件状语从句中用了一般现在时，表示将来，主句应用一般将来时。答案为：B。
3.(2007贵阳市)Kate is________busy________ she can’t lmve a picnic、with us this weekend．
A.so…that B.too…to C.so…as
点拨：题干意义为“凯特是如此的忙以至本周末她不能和我们一起野餐”。答案为：A。
4.(2007山西省)She still failed the exam，________she tried her best．
A.though B.because C.if
点拨：由题意可知句子前后意思构成转折关系，因此应用从属连词though引导让步状语从句。答案为：A。
5.(2007陕西省)We have been good friends________we joined the same Pipg-pong team．
A.after B.befOre
C.since D.until
点拨：由于主句的时态是现在完成时，从句中的时态是一般过去时，因此应选用since。答案为：C。
6.(2007河北省)I didn’t know he came back________I met him in the street．
A.since B.when C.until D.after
点拨：根据题干意义“直到我在街上遇见了他，我才知道他回来了。”可知本题是not…until…结构。答案为：C。
误区警示
I don’t know when________．When he________，I’11 call you．
A.will he come；will come B.he will come；comes
C.he comes；wm come
D.does he come；comes
我们知道，when作“什么时候”讲，可以引导宾语从句，when作“当……时候”讲，可以引导时间状语从句。有些同学不能正确地分清这两种从句，结果造成错误。本题的第一句“I don’t knOW when he wiUcome”是含有宾语从句的复合句，从句根据需要用一般将来时；“when he comes back，I’ll can you．”是包含时间状语从句的复合句，在时间状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来。所以本题答案为B。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
()1.－When did your father come back last night?
－He didn’t come back________he finished
all thework．
A.until B.while
C.if D.when
( )2.－Would you please give this MP3 to Mary?
－Sure．I’ll give it to her________she comes
back．
A.hefore B.as soon as
C.till D.while
( )3.Xiao Li has WOrked here________he came
here．
A.when B.before
C.since D.while
( )4.Don’t be afraid of asking for infoiTnation
it is needed．
A.when B.after
C.althOUgh D.unless
( )5.It wasn’t long________the rain stopped and
the sun came OUt again．
A.until B.before
C.when D.since
( )6.After school I fOund Mother was in bed with
sick．________Mother was iIl，I shOHld do
something fOr her．
A.So B.Though
C.Sinee D.If
( )7.He missed the train this morning________he
got up late．
A.or B.if
C.but D.because
( )8.YOU’ll do much better________you’re more
careful with your spelling．
A.if B.before
C.althOHgh D.unless
( )9.You’ll fail your next exam________you start
to work hard at your studies now．
A.because B.unless
C.so D.whv
( )10.This dress stiU looks pretty on you，________
it is out of style．
A.though B.so
C.since D.if
( )11.________the water was cold，Wei Qing－
guang jumped into it to save others．
A.AlthOUgh B.When
C.If D.Because
( )12.The dog rnshed to the nearest village
________it could get someone to help his
dying owner there．
A.where B.which
C.that D.so that
( )13.－The classroom is________ciean________it
was yesterda y．
－Sorry，I forgot to clcan it．
A.asias B.solas
C.not so as D.morelthan
( )14.The book was so interesting that he read it
for three hours________he realized it．
A.when B.until
C.after D.before
( )15.You will be able to get good mark________．
A.while yOH are doing your homework by
yourself
B.if you do some revision every day
C.before you begin to study hard
D.until you follow your teachers’advice
二、从方框中选择适当的词连接下列句子，每个词只用一次。
as soon as, since, before, because, when, after,not… until…than, though, if
1.Tom needs some help. The question is difficult.
________________________________
2.She came here four years ago. She has made a lot
of friends.
________________________________
3.Mr Black came into class. The bell rang for class.
________________________________
4.It’s not hot today. It was hot yesterday．
________________________________________
5.It’s very hot outside. They are still working hard.
________________________________________ 6.The students cleaned the classroom. They went to
see the film.
________________________________
7.Mr Black had worked in England for 10 years. He
came back to Australia last year.
________________________________
8.You’ll be late for the meeting. You don’t hurry.
________________________________
9.Li Ping began to study English. He was ten.
________________________________
10.The doctor operated on the woman. The light in
the room was very bright.
________________________________
第四节 定语从句
要点归纳
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的句子(从句)叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句作定语时，位置在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that，which，who(宾格whom，所有格whose)和关系副词when，where，why等。关系代词或关系副词在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。
一、关系代词的用法
1.that指物，有时也指人，在定词从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。如：
His father works in a factory that makes TVsets．他父亲在一家制造电视的工厂工作。(作主语，指物，不可省略)
The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue．我放在这张课桌上的外衣是蓝色的。(作宾语，可省略)
2.which指物，不指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。如：
Who was hurt in the accident which happenedyesterday?谁在昨天的事故中受伤了?(指物，作主语，不可省略)
The film(which)we saw last night was wonder－ful．我们昨天看的那部电影很精彩。(指物，作宾语，可省略)
注意：
which与that指物时可互相代替，但that比which更常见，尤其是在口语中。但要注意that可用来指人，而which则不能指人。如：The girl which of－ten helps me with my English is from America．(×)The girl that often helps me with my English is fron America．(√)
3.who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略，作宾时可省略。如：
The teacher who spoke at the meeting just nov is having a rest in his office．刚才在会上讲话的那位教师正在他的办公室休息。(作主语，不可省略)
He know the writer(who)we met yesterday．催认识昨天我们见到的那位作家。(作宾语，可省略)
4.whom指人，为who的宾格形式，在定语从句中只作宾语，其前没有介词时可用who替代使用，也可省略。如：
Who is the man(whom／who／that)Xiao Wang istalking to?正：在与小王谈话的男人是谁?(作宾语，可省略)
The doctor with whom he went to the Australialast month is very famous．上个月与他一起去澳大利亚的那位医生是非常有名的。(作宾语，介词with提到了whom之前，whom在这里不可省略，也不可用who替代)
5.whose指人或物，在从句中作定语。指物时常可用ofwhich取代。如：
The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel．在我们这儿望得见房顶的那座房子是一家旅馆。
The boss in whose department Mr King workedhad heard about the accident．金先生工作的那个部门老板已听说了这起事故。
注意：
在定语从句中常有介词。当介词放在从句末时，who／that／which仍然可省略。但，把介词提到关系代词前，只能用介词 which／whom结构，这时which也不能用that来代替。如：The room(that／which)Ilive in is very clean．我住的房间很干净。
－The room in which I live is very clean．(不可用that)
－The room where I live is very clean．(where－in which)
只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：
1.定语从句所修饰的先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时，只能用that引导。如：It is the most interest－ing novel(that)I have ever read．这是我曾经读过的最有趣的小说。
2.定语从句所修饰的先行词被序数词所修饰时，只能用that引导。如：The boys like the second les－son that is about“The football match"．男孩们喜欢第二课，第二课是关于足球赛的。
3.定语从句所修饰的先行词被the only，the very或the same所修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。如：Where is the very book(that)I bought just now?我刚才买的那本书在哪儿?
4.定语从句所修饰的先行词被不定代词如：all，any，no，every，little，a或much，many等修饰时，只能用that引导。如：Here is a11 the money(that)my fa－ ther has．这是我父亲所有的钱。
5.定语从句所修饰的先行词为everything，something。anything’all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，只能用that引导。如：I want everything(that)I want．我想要我所需要的一切东西。
6.定语从句所修饰的先行词中同时含有“人”和“物”的名词，只能用that引导。如：I can still remem－ber the persons and some pictures(that)I see in theroom．我仍能记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些画。
注意：
the same…that表示同一个人或物，that只起加强相同语气的作用，即便省去也不改变句意，名词前的Salne也可省略。而the same…as中的same和as则不能省略，只表示“……与……一模一样”而不一定是同一个人或物。
比较：I want to buy the same book that youbought．我想买与你买的相同的书。(想买你买的那本书)＝I want to buy the book you bought．
I want to buy the same book as you bought．我想要买和你买的一样的书。(不是买你的那本书)
二、关系副词的用法
1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如：
I still remember the day when I first came to theGreat Wall．我还记得我第一次来长城的那天。
Do you still remember one afternoon ten yearsago when I came to your house and borrowed a dia－mond necklace?你记得十年前的一天下午，我来到了你家并借了一条钻石项链吗?
注意：
在比较正式的语体中，when可以根据不同的先行词分别由介词短语at／on／during which取代。如：Idon’t remember the day when／on which he left．我记不得他离开的日子。
2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。如：He used to work hard on the small farm wherethey lived．他经常在他们所住的小农场辛勤劳动。
where也可根据不同的先行词分别由介词短语at／in／from which等取代。如：This is the housewhere we lived five years ago．这是我们五年前住过的房子。＝This is the house in which we lived fiveyears ago．＝This is the house(which／that)we livedin five years ago．
3．why指原因，相当于for which，在定语从句中作原因状语。如：That’s the reason why／for whichshe spoke．那就是她发言的原因。
典型考题例析
1.(2007河北省)Do you know the man________is
sitting behind Nancy?
A.what B.which
C.who D.whom
点拨：先行词是人，the man，且作主语，应用关系代词who。答案为：C。
2.(2007河南省)－Barbara，where do you work?－I work for a company________sells cars．
A.which B.where
C.what D.who
点拨：先行词是物．a company，作主语，应用which引导。答案为：A。
3.(2007兰州市)I like places________it’s not cold in winter．
A.those B.which
C.where D.this
点拨：先行词是地点，应用关系副词where。答案为：C。
4.(2007哈尔滨市)Without friendship，one can’t be happy although he is rich enough．As for me。I will never forget the days________I spent with my dearest friend．
A.that B.when C.who
点拨：先行词是the days，指时间，作spent的宾语。答案为：B。
5.(2007济宁市)－Have you been to the new Sports Centre________is just opened in town?
－No，not yet．
A.where B.who
C.that D.when
点拨：先行词是地点，the new Sports Centre，且在定语从句中作主语，应用that引导。答案为：C。
6.(2007南昌市)－Have you found the information about famous people________you can use fOrthe report?
－Not yet．I’ll search some on the Internet．
A.which B.who
C.what D.whom
点拨：本句的先行词是the information，而不是famous people，应用which引导。答案为：A。
误区警示
在阅卷中发现相当多的同学对定语从句中关系词的用法不清楚，尤其对关系代词whose的用法没有把握，如：Do you know Mr Black________daughteris a famous musician?
A.that her B.whose
C.who D.ofwhom
有的同学认为先行词Mr Black是指人，所以想到答案C或D，其实无论先行词是人还是物，如果后面紧跟一个名词，应该用whose作定语。答案为：B。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.I’m Iooking"at the photograph________you
sent me with your letter．
A.who B.whom C.which D.it
( )2.The young lady________we met yesterday is
our new maths teacher．
A.what B.whose
C.whom D.which
( )3.－Can you introduce the town to me?
－OK．This is the town in________I was
born
A.that B.where
C.which D.whom
( )4.－What do you know about the world’s pop－
ulation?
－I know China and India are the countries
more than one billion．
A.with a population of
B.with populations
C.that have populations of
D.which have a population of
( )5.A robot is a machine________can do some
difficult work instead of man．
A.who B.／
C.that D.what
( )6.He likes milsic________he could dance t0．
A.who B.that
C.whom D.what
( )7.The police caught the man________stoIe my
handbag．
A.he B.that
C.whom D.which
( )8.Berty went to the museum and saw many pic－ tures________were drawn by a famous per－ son．
A.that B.who
C.what D.whom
( )9.－Do you know the lady________is interviewing
our headmaster?
－Yes，she is a journalist from CCTV．
A.which B.who
C.whom D.whose
( )10.Liu Xiang is the first player in Asia
________won the gold prize in the 110－
hurdle race in the 28th OIympic Games．
A.which B.inwhich
C.whom D.who
二、把下列两个句子合并成带定语从句的复合句。
1. The students will not be able to pass the English
exam. They don’t study hard.
________________________________
2.The teacher is my physics teacher. You saw him
just now.
________________________________
3. The woman is an English teacher. She is standing
at the school gate.
________________________________
4. This is the girl. Her sister is a famous singer,
________________________________
5. The book is good. I am reading.
________________________________
6.The letter is frtom his father. He received it yester－ day.
________________________________
7.The teacher wants to talk to the boys. Their home－
work hash’t been finished.
________________________________
8. He is reading a book. Its name is “Who Moved My
Cheese?”
________________________________
9. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew
many apple trees.
________________________________
10. The children are very healthy. The old lady is looking
after them．
________________________________
三、把下列句子译成英语。
1.绝大数中国人喜欢的食品和饮料是米饭、猪肉和茶。
________________________________
2.这是我读过的最有趣的小说之一。
________________________________
3.中国是世界上许多人都想参观的国家。
________________________________
4.西蒙正在寻找他爸爸在长城拍的照片。
________________________________
5.这是你前天丢失的那把刀。
________________________________
第五节 虚拟语气
要点归纳
虚拟语气常用来表示所说的话与事实相反或实现的可能性很小，也可表示说话人的主观愿望、假设、猜测或建议。
一、虚拟语气在条件句和主句中的用法
我们目前主要掌握与现在、过去或将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。
1.表示与现在事实相反的情况。其结构为：从句(If 主语 动词的过去式)，主句(主语 should／would／could 动词原形)。如：If 1 were you，1 wouldtake a small present．如果我是你的话，我就带上一件小礼物。
If I won a million dollars．1 would travel around the world．如果我赢了一百万美元，我要周游世界。
2.表示与过去事实相反的情况。其结构为：从句(If 主语 had 过去分词)，主句(主语 should／would have 过去分词)。如：If you had been careful，you would not have broken it．你要是当心点，就不会把它打破了。(事实是：你没有当心，东西被打破了)
在虚拟条件句中，be动词不论什么人称，都用were。如：If she were not so busy。she would come here with me．要是她不这么忙，就和我一起来了。
3.表示与将来事实相反的情况。其句子结构为：从句(If 主语 动词的过去式／should 动词原形／were t0 动词原形)，主句(主语 would／should／could 动词原形)。如：
If he came tomorrow．would you welcome him?假如他明天来，你欢迎他吗?(事实是：明天他不可能来)
If it should rain this afternoon．what would you do?假如今天下午有雨，你怎么办?
Ifit were to rain tomorrow，I should stay at home．如果明天下雨，我就呆在家里。
二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或表示对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。
1.表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were)表示。如：
I wish I knew the answer to the question．我希望我知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)
I wish it were spring in my hometown all theyear around．但愿我的家乡四季如春。(只是愿望，实际根本不可能实现)
2.表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用had 过去分词。如：
I wish(that)I hadn’t wasted so much time．我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉了)
He wishes(wished)he hadn’t lost the chance．他真希望没有失去机会。(事实上机会已经失去了，他感到惋惜)
3.表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为would／should／could／might 动词原形，此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现．取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如：
I wish it would stop raining．但愿雨能停止。
I wish you would be quiet．我希望你安静一些。
误区警示
有许多同学对hope和wish的用法经常混淆不清，常写出类似下面错误的句子：I wish I can fly to the moon one day．wish后接的宾语从句表示的愿望实现的可能性很小，因此要用虚拟语气形式：i wish i could fly to the moon one day．
hope 宾语从句(陈述语气)表示的是可能实现的愿望。如：
I hope it is true．(有可能是真的)
I wish it were true．(不可能是真的)
要避免发生类似的错误，同学们要注意掌握陈述语气与虚拟语气的区别及虚拟语气的各种形式。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.What would have happened if you________
her child?
A.hadn’t helped B.couldn’t help
C.wouldn’t help D.didn’t help
( )2.If I________with her last summer，I________
with her now,
A.worked；am getting on very well
B.had worked；would get on very well
C.had worked；would have got on very well
D.had worked；will get on very well
( )3. I wish I________my uncle yesterday．
A.met B.havemet
C.would meet D.had met
( )4.________you succeed and________you be
healthy．
A.May；may B.Wish；wish
C.Hope；hope D.Should；may
( )5.I was very busy yesterday，otherwise I________
to the meeting．
A.came B.would come
C.had come D.would have come
二、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1.－I will have a big English test tomorrow．
－If I________(be)you，I________(review)my notes．
2.－What________you________(do)if you failed the English test?
－I’d talk to the teacher about it．
3.－What would you do if the school bus________
(not come)?
－I________(ride)my bike to sch001．
4.If I had more time，I________(study)Japanese．
5.If you had been careful，you________(not break) the glass．
三、根据汉语完成句子。
1.如果我们赢得一百万元，我们就捐给慈善机构。 If we________a million yuan，we________________it to charities．
2.要是我不这么忙，我就和她一起去那儿了。
If I________so busy，I________ ________there with her．
3.假如今晚有雨，你怎么办?
If it________this evening，what would you do?
4.但愿北京整年都是秋天。
I wish it________autumn in Beijing a11 the year round．
5.祝你终身幸福!
________you________all your life!
要点归纳
典型考题例析
1.(2007包头市)－Who willteach youto SWim this
summer?
－The twins．Because_____Lily_____Lu－
cy SWim very well．
A.both：and B.neither；nor
C.either；or D.not only．but also
点拨：both…and…连接主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。答案为：A。
2.(2007兰州市)James with the Greens
the White Tower Park if it_____tomorrow．
A.are going to；isn’t rainy
B.are going to；doesn’t rain
C.is going to；won’t rain
D.is going to；isn’t rainy
点拨：本句的主语为James，with the Greens是介词短语，因此第一空谓语动词应用单数形式；第二空是条件状语从句．应用一般现在时表示将来。答案为：D。
3.(2007山西省)It rained heavily this morning，but
_____of my classmates were late for sch001．
A.neither B.none C.all
点拨：根据but，应先排除C；“neither(两者)of 名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式；“none of 名词复数(三者或三者以上)”谓语动词可用单数或复数。答案为：B。
4.(2007陕西省)Trees and flowers_____every
year to make our country more beautiful．
A.is planted B.was planted
C.are planted D.were planted
点拨：and连接的两个主语时，意义上表示复数，谓语动词通常用复数形式。答案为：C。
5.(2007临沂市)Not only Jim but also his sister_____a few cities in the SOUth since they came to China．
A.will visit B has visited
C.have visited D.visited
点拨：由并列连词not only…but also…，ei－ther…or…，neither…nor…等连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式一般采取就近原则。另根据since they came to China，主句中的谓语动词应用现在完成时。答案为：B。
6.(2007济宁市)In the coming summer h01idays，my
family_____going to take a one－week trip to
Qingdao．
A.is B.are C.was D.were
点拨：集合名词family，此处强调其中的每个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。答案为：B。
误区警示
Everyone except BiU and Jim_____therewhen the meeting begaru
A.was B.is C.are D.were
同学们认为Bill and Jim是复数形式，所以后面用复数形式vv’ere。其实本句的主语是everyone，主语后面的except Bill and Jim是介词短语。介词with，together，like，but，except，besides等构成的介词短语放在主语后面时，其谓语动词的数不受影响，即主语是单数，谓语动词就用单数，主语是复数，谓语动词也用复数。本题答案为A。在解主谓一致的题目时，关键是要注意其有关原则，掌握常见的主谓一致的形式。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.HOW time flies!Ten years_____passed．
A.have B.has
C.is D.are
( )2.The childran without parents_____good
care of by their teachers in this speeial
school．
A.takes B.take
C.is taken D.are taken
( )3．Olymic(奥林匹克)Games_____every
four years．
A.held B.hold
C.are held D.is held
( )4.70％of the carth_____covered with wa－
tar．
A.are B.is C.were D.being
( )5.A message sent between computers_____
an email．
A.are B.is C.have D.has
( )6.In our school library there_____a number
of books on science and the humber of tham
_____growing larger and 1arger．
A.is：are B.are；is
C.has；is D.have；are
( )7.Here_____some flowers and some money
for you．
A.is B.are C.has D.have
( )8.Either Jane or Steven_____watching TV
now．
A.were B.is C.are D.was
( )9.The writer and teacher_____come alre
ady．Let’s visit him now．
A.has B.have C.is D.are
( )10.All the students and their class teacher
_____interested in the film they saw yes－
terday evening．
A.is B.will be C.was D.were
( )11.Seeing_____believing．
A.be B.are C.was D.is ( )12.I wonder if anybody_____going to take
me home when the party is over．
A.was B.were C.are D.is
( )13.The police_____still busy looking for
the missing boy．
A.has B.are C.is D.have
( )14._____she or you going to Beijing next
week?
A.Is B.Are C.Was D.Were
( )15.I like the pictures which_____on show．
A.are B.was C.is D.being
二、从题后括号内选择正确的词填空。
一、过“引导词关”
宾语从句的引导词通常分为三个类型。
1.当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时，用that引导从句，其中that无具体意义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said，“Simon will visit the GreatWall tomorrow”－He said(that)Simon would visitthe Great Wall the next day．
2.当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时，用if或whether引导从句，意为“是否”。如：Sally asks，“Does Chen Huan miss her parents?”－Sally asks if／whether Chen Huan misses her parents．
whether与if用法的对比：
whether和if引导宾语从句时，可以互换使用。如：I don’t know whether／if she will come．我不知道她是否会来。
在“be＋形容词”之后，用whether或if均可。如：1 was not sure whether／if he would come to attendthe meeting．我不能肯定他是不是会来参加会议。
但在下列情况下只能用whether，不能用 if：
(1)引导表语从句或同位语从句。如：The ques－tion is whether the lecture is worth listening to．问题是这报告是否值得听。
(2)在句首引导主语从句。如：Whether this istrue or not，I can’t say．这是不是真的，我说不准。
(3)whether后可以直接跟不定式，if则不能。如：She hasn’t decided whether to go or not．她还没有决定去还是不去。
(4)在介词之后只能用whether，不能用if口如：Everything depends on whether we have enough mon－ey．一切取决于我们是否有足够的钱。
(5)whether后面能紧跟or not，if则不能。如：Idon’t know whether or not they will come for ourhelp．我不知道他们是否来帮助我们。
3.当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变化而来时，则用连接代词who／whose／what／which或连接副词when／where／why／hOW等引导。它们在从句中都充当一定的句子成分，不可省略。如：Lingling wantedto know．When will the meeting begin?－Lingling wanted to know when the meeting would begin．
二、过“语序关”
在含有宾语从句的复合句中，充当宾语从句的句子不管原来是什么语序，在从句中都用陈述句语序，即：“引导词 主语 谓语 其他”结构。如：Tom Said．I have had the MP4 for a year．(从句为陈述句)－Tom said he had had the MP4 for a year．
Sally asked．Is the boy a student?(从句为一般疑问句)一Sally asked if／whether the boy was a student．
Chen Huan wanted to know．Where is the post office?(从句为特殊疑问句)－Chen Huan wanted to know where the post office was．
注意：当who在从句中作主语时，语序本来就是“主语 谓语”，所以就不再变了。如：The teacher asked．Who is the first to come here?－The teacher asked who was the first t0 come here．
三、过“时态关”
宾语从句的时态，要受到主句时态的限制，即要与主句时态呼应。含有宾语从句的主从复合句在时态呼应上要遵循以下三条规则：
1.当主句的时态是一般现在时、一般将来时、祈使句时，从句的时态可根据意义的需要而选用任意一种。如：
Do you know who lost a Walkman yesterday?
Please tell me why he hasn’t come yet．
Will you show me how you worked out the
maths problem?
2.若主句的时态为一般过去时，宾语从句须用相对应的过去的某一种时态。这种时态的对应主要包括：一般现在时——一般过去时；一般将来时——过去将来时；一般过去时——过去完成时；现在进行时——过去进行时；现在完成时——过去完成时。如：
Mr Zhang said．I am a teache－Mr Zhang said(that)he was a teacher．
We asked him．What are you doing?——We asked him what he was doing．
I asked your secretary if she could come．
3.当宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言警句、谚语等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句一律用一般现在时。如：Our teacher told us light travels faster than sound．
四、宾语从旬的简化
1.当主句的谓语动词是hope，agree，wish，choose，decide，promise等，后面带宾语从句，且主从句主语相同时，可以简化成不定式结构作宾语。如：I hope that I shall see you soon．－I hope to see you soon．
2.当主句谓语动词是decide，wonder，know，learn，forget，remember等词时，后面带的宾语从句可简化成“疑问词 不定式”结构，此时，主从句主语也须一致。如：I don’t know what I should do next．－I don’t know what to d0 next．
She hasn’t decided whether she should go or not．－She hasn’t decided whether to go or not．
3.当主句谓语动词是ask，tell，show，teach等，后带双宾语，且从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可转化成“疑问词 不定式”结构。如：
Would you please tell me how l can get to the cinema?－Would you please tell me how to get tothe cinema?
Please tell me where I can find her．－Please tell me where to find her．
但是，如果间接宾语和从句的主语不一致。一般不要把宾语从句简化，否则会产生歧义。如：
She didn’t tell me where she would go．－She didn’t tell me where to go．简化的句子含义有以下两种：“她没有告诉我她要去什么地方。”或“她没有告诉我我要去什么地方。”
4.当主句的谓语动词是order(命令)，require(需要)等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可转化成“名词(：代词) 不定式”结构。如：The teacher ordered that we should go at once．－The teacher or－dered us to gO at once．
5.除了以上用不定式简化宾语从句之外，也可以采用另外一些结构。如：Tom insisted that he should g0 with us．－Tom insisted on going with us．
典型考题例析
1.(2007兰州市)－Would you please tell me______?
－OK。her name is Ciei．
A.what was her name
B.what her namewas
C.what ls her name
D.what her name is
点拨：主句WOUld you please teU me是一种客气委婉的说法，不要把它看作是过去时态；在宾语从句中要用陈述句的语序。答案为：D。
2.(2007山西省)－Did you know______at the bus stop?
－Maybe their teacher．
A.who are they waiting for
B.whom they are waiting for
C.whom they were waiting fOr
点拨：主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句中的时态也应用过去时态的某一形式。答案为：C。
3.(2007潍坊市)－Does Ted tell you if he
______next Sunday?
－No，he doesn’t．But if he——，I’1l give you a ring．
A．will come swill come
B.comes；will come
C.comes；comes
D.will come；comes
点拨：本题考查if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句的区别：if(是否)引导宾语从句时，按具体情况来定所需的时态。if(如果)引导状语从句时，要用一般现在时表示将来。答案：D。
4.(2007潍坊市)Our physics teacher told us light______faster than sound last term．
A.travels B.travel
C.travelled D.travellir培
点拨：宾语从句表示的是客观事实，无论主句时态如何，宾语从句中都应用一般现在时。答案为：A。
误区警示
宾语从句是中考考查的重点，重点考查宾语从句的引导词、语序和时态。在中考阅卷中发现许多同学在时态的运用上及语序的运用上常常发生错误，请同 学们要特别注意上文所讲的“时态关”和“语序关”。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.I didn’t know______they eould pass the
exam Or not．
A.that B.what
C.which D.whether
( )2.You can’t imagine______when they re－
ceived these nice Christmas presents．
A.how they were excited
B.how excited they were
C.how excited were they
D.they were hOW excited
( )3.－What are you searching the Internet for?
－I’mtrying to find out______．
A.what’s difference between SARS and
BIRDFLU
B.how many people have died in Iraq
C.hOW protect our environmertt
D.whv isn’t our Chinese team able to beat
Korea
( )4.－I hear that Yi Zhongtian will come to Wu－
hu and give a talk．
－Really?Do you know______?
A.what w订l he talk about
B.where will he give a talk
C.how will he come
D.when he will arrive
( )5.－Do you know______?
－Sorry，but if he______back，I______
you know as soon as possible．
A．when will he be back：comes；wiIl let
B.when he will be back：will come；will let
C.what time will he be backl wnl come；let
D.what time he will be back：comes；wnl let
( )6.－When are the Shutes 1caving for New York?
－Pardon?
－I asked
A.when are the Shutes leaving for New York
B.when the Shutes are leaving for New York
C.when were the Shutes leaving for New York
D.when the Shutes were leaving for New York
( )7.He asked me
A.if she will come
B.how many b00ks I want to have
C.they would help us do it
D．what was wrong with me
( )8.Mike，go and see who______football on
the playground．
A.is playing B.plays
C.played D.were playing
( )9.The woman still doesn’t know what
in her hometown whne she was away．
A.happens B.happened
C.will happen D.was happened
( )10.I’d like to know
A.when will he give back the tape
B.whether has he received higher education
C.that he has been busy
D.whether she will join in our Enghsh eve－
ning
( )11.Could you tell me______?
A.which room he liyes
B.which room he lived
C.which room did he live in
D.which room he lives in
( )12.She said she______me five letters in one
month．
A.has written B.will write
C.had written D.wrote
( )13.－Do you know______we’ll get there at
3：00 this afternoon?
－I’m afraid we’ll be late．
A.that B.hoe
C.why D.whether
( )14.－Could you teU me______tomor－
row morning?
－WeU，it wm start at 9：00 O’clock．
A.when the meeting will start
B.where will the meeting start
C.where the meeting starts
D.when the meeting WOUld start
( )15.－I teally want to know______Sun Yao is．
－It is said that he is much better these
days．
A.what B.how
C.where D.who
二、仿照例句，合并句子。
Model: They are stars. We know.
We know that they are stars.
1.He’s looking up to see the bird. We know.
_____________________________________
2.Is our nearest star too small to see? You may want to know.
___________________________________
3.Why won’t you stay at school? I wondered.
___________________________________
4.What are they talking about? I don’t know.
___________________________________
5.What does it mean by studying hard? You will un－
derstand.
___________________________________
6.Where is the moon? Helen wants to know.
___________________________________
7.Does Miss Green have her lunch at school? I didn’t
know.
___________________________________
8.Is there anything wrong with her radio? Mrs White
asked Mary.
___________________________________
9.This is an easy question. It seemed.
___________________________________
10.How is he going to use the computer? Tom
knew.
___________________________________
三、根据汉语意思完成下列各句。
1.我们不知道在哪儿下车。
We didn’t know________get off．
2.你能告诉我谁教我们物理吗?
Could you tell me________________
3.他知道他们什么时候去英国吗?
Does he know when________go to England?
4.我实在不知道他明天去不去上海。
I reaIly don’tknow________
go to Shanghai tomorrow．
5.杰克没有告诉我们汤姆能否准时完成作业。
Jack didn’t tell us________________
finish his homework________________ ．
6.我们相信我们队将会打赢这场足球赛。
We believed________our team________
________the football game．
7.你能告诉我他们在哪儿比赛吗?
Could you tell me________________
having the lnatch?
8.我们想知道他们将在这儿逗留多久。
We wondered________________
9.请告诉我太阳离我们有多远。
Please tell me how________
________from us．
10.贝贝问她的母亲下周三是否去乡间露营。Beibei asked her mother if she________________ in the country______.
四、将下列宾语从句转化为简单旬。
1.I don’t know what I should do next.
________________________
2.He ordered him that he should do it at once.
________________________
3.Miss Green agreed that she would help me with
my Japanese.
________________________
4.I have forgotten how I can run the machine.
________________________
5. He found that the problem was very difficult.
________________________
第三节 状语从句
要点归纳
状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时，常用逗号分开，放在主句之后一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意义和作用可以分为时间、条件、原因、结果、目的、让步、比较等。
1.时间状语从句
(1)时间状语从句一般不用将来时，如果主句是一般将来时、祈使句或含有将来的意味，when，assoon as，till／until等引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：We’ll have to clean the plates before Mother comes home．
(2)when’as，while都表示“当……的时候”，但when引导的时间状语从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时发生，也可以先后发生；while既可指时间点，也可指时间段；用as，while时则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生；但while只能表示一段时间，从句须用延续性动词。如：He is listening to the music whileshe is washing clothes．
(3)till和until都表示“直到……为止”，主句用延续性动词，主句和从句都用肯定式；表示“直到……才”时，主句用终止性动词，从句用肯定式。主句用否定式。until较till正式，until引导的时间从句可以放在句首。如：
She won’t go away till you promise to help her．
Until you told me．I had heard 0f nothing about what happened．
(4)since引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时，其主句一般使用现在完成时。如：Jim has been in thefactory for two years since he left school．
2.条件状语从句
条件状语从句由if(如果)，as long as(只要)等引导。如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时。如：The students will go to the Summer Palace if it doesn’t rain tomorrow．
3.原因状语从句
原因状语从句由because(因为)，as(由于)，since(既然，由于)等引导。because(因为)不能和so(所以)用在同一个句子中。如：－Is David at school to－day?－No．He is at home because he has a bad cold．
4.结果状语从句
结果状语从句一般由so…that…(如此……以至……)，such…that…(如此……以至……)等引导。从句常用can，could等情态动词。如：He hurt her so badly that she had to see a doctor．
so…that…与such…that…的区别是：so后跟形容词或副词，such后跟名词。如：
It rained so heavily that nobody could walk out－side．
She is such a lovely girl that people like her very much．
so…that…引导的状语从句如果是否定意义，可以变为too…to…结构的简单句。如：
It’s so heavy that we can’t move it．－It’s too heavy for us to move．
5.目的状语从句
目的状语从句常由so that(为了，以便)，in order that等引导，放在主句之后，从句中常用can，could，may，might等动词，in order that引导的从句可以放在主句前。如：
If you do know。answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear you．如果你知道(答案)，就用足够大的声音来回答，以便全班同学都能听得见。
We stopped at Hangzhou so that we might go tothe West Lake．我们在杭州停了下来，以便能去看看西湖。
In order that every student might understand it．the teacher explained that passage again and agaim为了让每个学生都能明白，老师把那一节解释了一遍又一遍。
so that引导的目的状语从句可转换成动词不定式短语。如：－She hurried to sch001 s0 that shemight not be 1ate．－She hurried t0 sch001 in 0rder notto be late．
6.让步状语从句
让步状语从句由although，though(虽然，尽管)，as(虽然，尽管)等引导。如：He’s good at volleyballthough he isn’t talI enough．
as引导让步状语从句时，常用倒装语序，倒装的成分常是形容词、名词、分词、副词或动词。若倒装的是单数名词时，其前不加冠词。如：
C1ever as he is，he doesn’t study well．
Hard as I tried，1 was unable to make much pro—gress．
Child as he is．he knows a great deal．
注意：although／though(虽然)不能与but(但是)用在同一个句子中，两者只能选其一。
7.比较状语从句
比较状语从句由than(比)as…as…(和……一样)，not as／s0…as…(和……不一样)等连词引导。如：
I know you better than he does．
This story is as interesting as that one(is)．
典型考题例析
1.(2007兰州市)My brother is going to look for an－other job________the company offers him more money．
A.after B.when
C.unless D.besides
点拨：根据题干意义“我的哥哥将去寻找另一份工作，(除非)公司给他更多的钱”，应该用unIess。答案为：C。
2.(2007贵阳市)If Betty has time，she________
climbing with parents tomorrow．
A.goes to B.will go C.doesn’t go
点拨：观察题干，可知本题是考查if条件状语从句 主句结构，条件状语从句中用了一般现在时，表示将来，主句应用一般将来时。答案为：B。
3.(2007贵阳市)Kate is________busy________ she can’t lmve a picnic、with us this weekend．
A.so…that B.too…to C.so…as
点拨：题干意义为“凯特是如此的忙以至本周末她不能和我们一起野餐”。答案为：A。
4.(2007山西省)She still failed the exam，________she tried her best．
A.though B.because C.if
点拨：由题意可知句子前后意思构成转折关系，因此应用从属连词though引导让步状语从句。答案为：A。
5.(2007陕西省)We have been good friends________we joined the same Pipg-pong team．
A.after B.befOre
C.since D.until
点拨：由于主句的时态是现在完成时，从句中的时态是一般过去时，因此应选用since。答案为：C。
6.(2007河北省)I didn’t know he came back________I met him in the street．
A.since B.when C.until D.after
点拨：根据题干意义“直到我在街上遇见了他，我才知道他回来了。”可知本题是not…until…结构。答案为：C。
误区警示
I don’t know when________．When he________，I’11 call you．
A.will he come；will come B.he will come；comes
C.he comes；wm come
D.does he come；comes
我们知道，when作“什么时候”讲，可以引导宾语从句，when作“当……时候”讲，可以引导时间状语从句。有些同学不能正确地分清这两种从句，结果造成错误。本题的第一句“I don’t knOW when he wiUcome”是含有宾语从句的复合句，从句根据需要用一般将来时；“when he comes back，I’ll can you．”是包含时间状语从句的复合句，在时间状语从句中，要用一般现在时表示将来。所以本题答案为B。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
()1.－When did your father come back last night?
－He didn’t come back________he finished
all thework．
A.until B.while
C.if D.when
( )2.－Would you please give this MP3 to Mary?
－Sure．I’ll give it to her________she comes
back．
A.hefore B.as soon as
C.till D.while
( )3.Xiao Li has WOrked here________he came
here．
A.when B.before
C.since D.while
( )4.Don’t be afraid of asking for infoiTnation
it is needed．
A.when B.after
C.althOUgh D.unless
( )5.It wasn’t long________the rain stopped and
the sun came OUt again．
A.until B.before
C.when D.since
( )6.After school I fOund Mother was in bed with
sick．________Mother was iIl，I shOHld do
something fOr her．
A.So B.Though
C.Sinee D.If
( )7.He missed the train this morning________he
got up late．
A.or B.if
C.but D.because
( )8.YOU’ll do much better________you’re more
careful with your spelling．
A.if B.before
C.althOHgh D.unless
( )9.You’ll fail your next exam________you start
to work hard at your studies now．
A.because B.unless
C.so D.whv
( )10.This dress stiU looks pretty on you，________
it is out of style．
A.though B.so
C.since D.if
( )11.________the water was cold，Wei Qing－
guang jumped into it to save others．
A.AlthOUgh B.When
C.If D.Because
( )12.The dog rnshed to the nearest village
________it could get someone to help his
dying owner there．
A.where B.which
C.that D.so that
( )13.－The classroom is________ciean________it
was yesterda y．
－Sorry，I forgot to clcan it．
A.asias B.solas
C.not so as D.morelthan
( )14.The book was so interesting that he read it
for three hours________he realized it．
A.when B.until
C.after D.before
( )15.You will be able to get good mark________．
A.while yOH are doing your homework by
yourself
B.if you do some revision every day
C.before you begin to study hard
D.until you follow your teachers’advice
二、从方框中选择适当的词连接下列句子，每个词只用一次。
as soon as, since, before, because, when, after,not… until…than, though, if
1.Tom needs some help. The question is difficult.
________________________________
2.She came here four years ago. She has made a lot
of friends.
________________________________
3.Mr Black came into class. The bell rang for class.
________________________________
4.It’s not hot today. It was hot yesterday．
________________________________________
5.It’s very hot outside. They are still working hard.
________________________________________ 6.The students cleaned the classroom. They went to
see the film.
________________________________
7.Mr Black had worked in England for 10 years. He
came back to Australia last year.
________________________________
8.You’ll be late for the meeting. You don’t hurry.
________________________________
9.Li Ping began to study English. He was ten.
________________________________
10.The doctor operated on the woman. The light in
the room was very bright.
________________________________
第四节 定语从句
要点归纳
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的句子(从句)叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句作定语时，位置在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that，which，who(宾格whom，所有格whose)和关系副词when，where，why等。关系代词或关系副词在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。
一、关系代词的用法
1.that指物，有时也指人，在定词从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。如：
His father works in a factory that makes TVsets．他父亲在一家制造电视的工厂工作。(作主语，指物，不可省略)
The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue．我放在这张课桌上的外衣是蓝色的。(作宾语，可省略)
2.which指物，不指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。如：
Who was hurt in the accident which happenedyesterday?谁在昨天的事故中受伤了?(指物，作主语，不可省略)
The film(which)we saw last night was wonder－ful．我们昨天看的那部电影很精彩。(指物，作宾语，可省略)
注意：
which与that指物时可互相代替，但that比which更常见，尤其是在口语中。但要注意that可用来指人，而which则不能指人。如：The girl which of－ten helps me with my English is from America．(×)The girl that often helps me with my English is fron America．(√)
3.who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略，作宾时可省略。如：
The teacher who spoke at the meeting just nov is having a rest in his office．刚才在会上讲话的那位教师正在他的办公室休息。(作主语，不可省略)
He know the writer(who)we met yesterday．催认识昨天我们见到的那位作家。(作宾语，可省略)
4.whom指人，为who的宾格形式，在定语从句中只作宾语，其前没有介词时可用who替代使用，也可省略。如：
Who is the man(whom／who／that)Xiao Wang istalking to?正：在与小王谈话的男人是谁?(作宾语，可省略)
The doctor with whom he went to the Australialast month is very famous．上个月与他一起去澳大利亚的那位医生是非常有名的。(作宾语，介词with提到了whom之前，whom在这里不可省略，也不可用who替代)
5.whose指人或物，在从句中作定语。指物时常可用ofwhich取代。如：
The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel．在我们这儿望得见房顶的那座房子是一家旅馆。
The boss in whose department Mr King workedhad heard about the accident．金先生工作的那个部门老板已听说了这起事故。
注意：
在定语从句中常有介词。当介词放在从句末时，who／that／which仍然可省略。但，把介词提到关系代词前，只能用介词 which／whom结构，这时which也不能用that来代替。如：The room(that／which)Ilive in is very clean．我住的房间很干净。
－The room in which I live is very clean．(不可用that)
－The room where I live is very clean．(where－in which)
只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：
1.定语从句所修饰的先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时，只能用that引导。如：It is the most interest－ing novel(that)I have ever read．这是我曾经读过的最有趣的小说。
2.定语从句所修饰的先行词被序数词所修饰时，只能用that引导。如：The boys like the second les－son that is about“The football match"．男孩们喜欢第二课，第二课是关于足球赛的。
3.定语从句所修饰的先行词被the only，the very或the same所修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。如：Where is the very book(that)I bought just now?我刚才买的那本书在哪儿?
4.定语从句所修饰的先行词被不定代词如：all，any，no，every，little，a或much，many等修饰时，只能用that引导。如：Here is a11 the money(that)my fa－ ther has．这是我父亲所有的钱。
5.定语从句所修饰的先行词为everything，something。anything’all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，只能用that引导。如：I want everything(that)I want．我想要我所需要的一切东西。
6.定语从句所修饰的先行词中同时含有“人”和“物”的名词，只能用that引导。如：I can still remem－ber the persons and some pictures(that)I see in theroom．我仍能记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些画。
注意：
the same…that表示同一个人或物，that只起加强相同语气的作用，即便省去也不改变句意，名词前的Salne也可省略。而the same…as中的same和as则不能省略，只表示“……与……一模一样”而不一定是同一个人或物。
比较：I want to buy the same book that youbought．我想买与你买的相同的书。(想买你买的那本书)＝I want to buy the book you bought．
I want to buy the same book as you bought．我想要买和你买的一样的书。(不是买你的那本书)
二、关系副词的用法
1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如：
I still remember the day when I first came to theGreat Wall．我还记得我第一次来长城的那天。
Do you still remember one afternoon ten yearsago when I came to your house and borrowed a dia－mond necklace?你记得十年前的一天下午，我来到了你家并借了一条钻石项链吗?
注意：
在比较正式的语体中，when可以根据不同的先行词分别由介词短语at／on／during which取代。如：Idon’t remember the day when／on which he left．我记不得他离开的日子。
2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。如：He used to work hard on the small farm wherethey lived．他经常在他们所住的小农场辛勤劳动。
where也可根据不同的先行词分别由介词短语at／in／from which等取代。如：This is the housewhere we lived five years ago．这是我们五年前住过的房子。＝This is the house in which we lived fiveyears ago．＝This is the house(which／that)we livedin five years ago．
3．why指原因，相当于for which，在定语从句中作原因状语。如：That’s the reason why／for whichshe spoke．那就是她发言的原因。
典型考题例析
1.(2007河北省)Do you know the man________is
sitting behind Nancy?
A.what B.which
C.who D.whom
点拨：先行词是人，the man，且作主语，应用关系代词who。答案为：C。
2.(2007河南省)－Barbara，where do you work?－I work for a company________sells cars．
A.which B.where
C.what D.who
点拨：先行词是物．a company，作主语，应用which引导。答案为：A。
3.(2007兰州市)I like places________it’s not cold in winter．
A.those B.which
C.where D.this
点拨：先行词是地点，应用关系副词where。答案为：C。
4.(2007哈尔滨市)Without friendship，one can’t be happy although he is rich enough．As for me。I will never forget the days________I spent with my dearest friend．
A.that B.when C.who
点拨：先行词是the days，指时间，作spent的宾语。答案为：B。
5.(2007济宁市)－Have you been to the new Sports Centre________is just opened in town?
－No，not yet．
A.where B.who
C.that D.when
点拨：先行词是地点，the new Sports Centre，且在定语从句中作主语，应用that引导。答案为：C。
6.(2007南昌市)－Have you found the information about famous people________you can use fOrthe report?
－Not yet．I’ll search some on the Internet．
A.which B.who
C.what D.whom
点拨：本句的先行词是the information，而不是famous people，应用which引导。答案为：A。
误区警示
在阅卷中发现相当多的同学对定语从句中关系词的用法不清楚，尤其对关系代词whose的用法没有把握，如：Do you know Mr Black________daughteris a famous musician?
A.that her B.whose
C.who D.ofwhom
有的同学认为先行词Mr Black是指人，所以想到答案C或D，其实无论先行词是人还是物，如果后面紧跟一个名词，应该用whose作定语。答案为：B。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.I’m Iooking"at the photograph________you
sent me with your letter．
A.who B.whom C.which D.it
( )2.The young lady________we met yesterday is
our new maths teacher．
A.what B.whose
C.whom D.which
( )3.－Can you introduce the town to me?
－OK．This is the town in________I was
born
A.that B.where
C.which D.whom
( )4.－What do you know about the world’s pop－
ulation?
－I know China and India are the countries
more than one billion．
A.with a population of
B.with populations
C.that have populations of
D.which have a population of
( )5.A robot is a machine________can do some
difficult work instead of man．
A.who B.／
C.that D.what
( )6.He likes milsic________he could dance t0．
A.who B.that
C.whom D.what
( )7.The police caught the man________stoIe my
handbag．
A.he B.that
C.whom D.which
( )8.Berty went to the museum and saw many pic－ tures________were drawn by a famous per－ son．
A.that B.who
C.what D.whom
( )9.－Do you know the lady________is interviewing
our headmaster?
－Yes，she is a journalist from CCTV．
A.which B.who
C.whom D.whose
( )10.Liu Xiang is the first player in Asia
________won the gold prize in the 110－
hurdle race in the 28th OIympic Games．
A.which B.inwhich
C.whom D.who
二、把下列两个句子合并成带定语从句的复合句。
1. The students will not be able to pass the English
exam. They don’t study hard.
________________________________
2.The teacher is my physics teacher. You saw him
just now.
________________________________
3. The woman is an English teacher. She is standing
at the school gate.
________________________________
4. This is the girl. Her sister is a famous singer,
________________________________
5. The book is good. I am reading.
________________________________
6.The letter is frtom his father. He received it yester－ day.
________________________________
7.The teacher wants to talk to the boys. Their home－
work hash’t been finished.
________________________________
8. He is reading a book. Its name is “Who Moved My
Cheese?”
________________________________
9. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew
many apple trees.
________________________________
10. The children are very healthy. The old lady is looking
after them．
________________________________
三、把下列句子译成英语。
1.绝大数中国人喜欢的食品和饮料是米饭、猪肉和茶。
________________________________
2.这是我读过的最有趣的小说之一。
________________________________
3.中国是世界上许多人都想参观的国家。
________________________________
4.西蒙正在寻找他爸爸在长城拍的照片。
________________________________
5.这是你前天丢失的那把刀。
________________________________
第五节 虚拟语气
要点归纳
虚拟语气常用来表示所说的话与事实相反或实现的可能性很小，也可表示说话人的主观愿望、假设、猜测或建议。
一、虚拟语气在条件句和主句中的用法
我们目前主要掌握与现在、过去或将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。
1.表示与现在事实相反的情况。其结构为：从句(If 主语 动词的过去式)，主句(主语 should／would／could 动词原形)。如：If 1 were you，1 wouldtake a small present．如果我是你的话，我就带上一件小礼物。
If I won a million dollars．1 would travel around the world．如果我赢了一百万美元，我要周游世界。
2.表示与过去事实相反的情况。其结构为：从句(If 主语 had 过去分词)，主句(主语 should／would have 过去分词)。如：If you had been careful，you would not have broken it．你要是当心点，就不会把它打破了。(事实是：你没有当心，东西被打破了)
在虚拟条件句中，be动词不论什么人称，都用were。如：If she were not so busy。she would come here with me．要是她不这么忙，就和我一起来了。
3.表示与将来事实相反的情况。其句子结构为：从句(If 主语 动词的过去式／should 动词原形／were t0 动词原形)，主句(主语 would／should／could 动词原形)。如：
If he came tomorrow．would you welcome him?假如他明天来，你欢迎他吗?(事实是：明天他不可能来)
If it should rain this afternoon．what would you do?假如今天下午有雨，你怎么办?
Ifit were to rain tomorrow，I should stay at home．如果明天下雨，我就呆在家里。
二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或表示对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。
1.表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were)表示。如：
I wish I knew the answer to the question．我希望我知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)
I wish it were spring in my hometown all theyear around．但愿我的家乡四季如春。(只是愿望，实际根本不可能实现)
2.表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用had 过去分词。如：
I wish(that)I hadn’t wasted so much time．我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉了)
He wishes(wished)he hadn’t lost the chance．他真希望没有失去机会。(事实上机会已经失去了，他感到惋惜)
3.表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为would／should／could／might 动词原形，此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现．取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如：
I wish it would stop raining．但愿雨能停止。
I wish you would be quiet．我希望你安静一些。
误区警示
有许多同学对hope和wish的用法经常混淆不清，常写出类似下面错误的句子：I wish I can fly to the moon one day．wish后接的宾语从句表示的愿望实现的可能性很小，因此要用虚拟语气形式：i wish i could fly to the moon one day．
hope 宾语从句(陈述语气)表示的是可能实现的愿望。如：
I hope it is true．(有可能是真的)
I wish it were true．(不可能是真的)
要避免发生类似的错误，同学们要注意掌握陈述语气与虚拟语气的区别及虚拟语气的各种形式。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.What would have happened if you________
her child?
A.hadn’t helped B.couldn’t help
C.wouldn’t help D.didn’t help
( )2.If I________with her last summer，I________
with her now,
A.worked；am getting on very well
B.had worked；would get on very well
C.had worked；would have got on very well
D.had worked；will get on very well
( )3. I wish I________my uncle yesterday．
A.met B.havemet
C.would meet D.had met
( )4.________you succeed and________you be
healthy．
A.May；may B.Wish；wish
C.Hope；hope D.Should；may
( )5.I was very busy yesterday，otherwise I________
to the meeting．
A.came B.would come
C.had come D.would have come
二、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1.－I will have a big English test tomorrow．
－If I________(be)you，I________(review)my notes．
2.－What________you________(do)if you failed the English test?
－I’d talk to the teacher about it．
3.－What would you do if the school bus________
(not come)?
－I________(ride)my bike to sch001．
4.If I had more time，I________(study)Japanese．
5.If you had been careful，you________(not break) the glass．
三、根据汉语完成句子。
1.如果我们赢得一百万元，我们就捐给慈善机构。 If we________a million yuan，we________________it to charities．
2.要是我不这么忙，我就和她一起去那儿了。
If I________so busy，I________ ________there with her．
3.假如今晚有雨，你怎么办?
If it________this evening，what would you do?
4.但愿北京整年都是秋天。
I wish it________autumn in Beijing a11 the year round．
5.祝你终身幸福!
________you________all your life!