经济学的要义,在于研究稀缺的资源如何配置才能实现效益最大化。从这个意义上可以说,没有稀缺就没有经济学。步入市场经济以后,产权成了一个人们耳熟能详的经济学概念。事实上,产权本身就是对资源稀缺的反映。以土地产权为例,如果土地资源相当丰富,人们只要按照先来后到的顺序使用就可以了,完全没有必要劳神费力去明确和保护产权,因为明确和保护产权也是需要成本的。而土地一旦稀缺,产权问题就 The essence of economics is to study how to allocate scarce resources in order to maximize the benefits. In this sense we can say that there is no economics without scarcity. After entering the market economy, property rights has become a well-known concept of economics. In fact, property rights are themselves a reflection of scarce resources. Take land property rights as an example. If the land resources are quite abundant, people only need to use them according to the order they came first and come. There is absolutely no need to laboriously clarify and protect property rights because the cost of identifying and protecting property rights is also costly. Once the land is scarce, the property rights issue