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虽然有些情况下使用气体润滑,但一般认为润滑材料主要包括液体和固体润滑材料。根据使用环境和润滑材料特性,润滑材料可以划分为许多类。特种润滑材料顾名思义是指具有比常规润滑材料更为优异特性的润滑材料。通过分子结构、体相结构设计和复合提升润滑特性一直是制备新型润滑材料的主要途径。对于液体润滑剂和有机分子薄膜,常常将新型分子结构设计和摩擦化学机理探讨结合在一起以发展润滑材料。比如,作为可能的新型润滑剂,离子液体的评价主要通过考察不同官能团和摩擦过程中发生的摩擦化学机制,以指导合成新型离子液体。有机薄膜的摩擦学特性强烈依赖于薄膜分子结构和构造结构。对于经典固体润滑材料,常考虑体相结构设计和复合方法提高或调整摩擦磨损特性。类富勒烯结构的出现赋予类金刚石薄膜更高的弹性和更低的摩擦系数,而金属掺杂能够降低内应力并在有些情况下改善薄膜环境敏感度。由于合成新型聚合物润滑材料比较困难,因此,共混和无机纳米颗粒的添加成为制备良好力学性能和耐磨损特性聚合物润滑材料所采取的方法。高温润滑材料,特别是从室温到高温(1000℃及以上)均具有良好润滑特性的润滑材料的发展依然是一个大的挑战。具有高温稳定性的稀土和陶瓷填充金属是目前设计制备高温润滑材料的主流方法。通过摩擦磨损特性的考察可以获得对润滑材料的表观判断,而基于磨损表面反应物质的分析对摩擦过程中发生在表面的摩擦物理化学机制的探究则是了解润滑材料服役特性和机制的主要手段,也是设计制备新型润滑材料依赖的主要思想来源。
Although gas lubrications are used in some cases, lubricants are generally considered to include both liquid and solid lubricants. Lubricating materials can be divided into many classes depending on the environment of use and the characteristics of the lubricating material. Special lubricants, as its name implies, have more excellent lubricity than conventional lubricants. Through the molecular structure, bulk structure design and compound to enhance the lubrication characteristics of the preparation of new lubricants has been the main way. For liquid lubricants and organic molecular films, new molecular structure design and tribochemical chemistry are often combined to develop lubricants. For example, as a possible new type of lubricant, ionic liquids are mainly evaluated by examining different functional groups and tribochemical mechanisms that occur during the rubbing process to guide the synthesis of novel ionic liquids. The tribological properties of organic thin films strongly depend on the molecular structure and the structure of the film. For the classical solid lubricating materials, often consider the phase structure design and composite methods to improve or adjust the friction and wear characteristics. The appearance of fullerene-like structures imparts higher elasticity and lower coefficient of friction to diamond-like carbon films, while metal doping can reduce internal stress and in some cases improve the environmental sensitivity of the film. Due to the difficulty in synthesizing novel polymeric lubricants, blending and inorganic nanoparticle additions are the methods used to prepare polymeric lubricants with good mechanical and wear properties. The development of high temperature lubricating materials, particularly those with good lubricating properties from room temperature to high temperatures (1000 ° C and above), remains a major challenge. The high temperature stability of rare earth and ceramic filler metal is the current mainstream of the design and preparation of high temperature lubricating materials. Through the investigation of friction and wear properties, the apparent judgment of the lubricating materials can be obtained. Based on the analysis of the worn surface reaction materials, the investigation of the physical and chemical mechanism of friction occurring on the surface during rubbing is the main means to understand the service characteristics and mechanism of lubricated materials , But also design and preparation of a new source of lubrication rely on the main source of ideas.