论文部分内容阅读
七选五阅读不同于常规阅读理解题，它主要考查同学们对文章的整体内容和结构，以及上下文逻辑关联的理解和掌握。近五年全国卷的七选五阅读考查的体裁都是说明文，题目设置的考点可分为篇章主题句、段落主题句、承上启下句、段落总结句和篇章總结句这五种。下面结合高考真题，对这五种类型的题目进行归纳总结，希望对大家有所帮助。
[段落主题句]
根据说明文体裁的特点，如果空格位于段首，通常考查段落主题句。解题的方法是首先阅读其他段落主题句，确定可能使用的选项。然后再通读把握该段内容，注意备选项和段落中的原词复现、同义复现，锁定正确答案。
例1 （2016·全国卷II）
37
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants， flowers， patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（肥料）. 38 However， there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.
解析 第37题空格位于段首，应为段落主题句。观察另一段的段落主题句是祈使句Recall（回忆） your childhood memories。七个选项中使用祈使句的有两个，分别是A. Know why you garden.和B. Find a good place for your own garden.。再通读该段，特别是however之后的部分there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. 可知，该段主要说明人们从事园艺的原因，故选A项。
第38题是承上启下句。由前面的Some people may think ... Others are concerned about ...可知此处表达的是人们对园艺的不同态度，而E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants与上文衔接自然，故选E项。
[篇章主题句]
说明文首段的末句一般是是全文的主题所在，说明本文将主题探讨哪些内容或对某一问题或现象给出建议，然后会在下文中以要点的形式进行呈现。如果首段的末句设空，则优先考虑是篇章主题句。
例2 （2014·北京卷）
Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information， how to separate fact from opinion， how to recognize poor reasoning， and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 71
解析 这是文章的第一段，大意是：作出好的健康选择需要合理评估。而合理评估的第一步是甄别信息来源。合理评估包括知晓如何找到相关信息，如何将事实从观点中剥离出来，如何识别拙劣的推论，还有如何分析信息并判断资源的可靠性。下文四个段落分别展开了这四个要点。因此可以判断该空格处有可能是篇章主题句。而七个选项中G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources. 恰好是篇章主题句，故选G项。
[承上启下句]
这是考查较多的一类。该类型在文章或段落的中间挖空，所挖掉的句子通常在语境和逻辑方面和上下文有密切的关系。解题时应瞻前顾后，注意查找是否有一些关键词的重复，或是否有转折、递进、因果、让步、顺承等逻辑关系，以及下一句中是否有代词的指代和替代等。
例3 （2016·全国卷I） A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book. 39 For example， “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me”. The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.
解析 第39和40题都位于段中，应为承上启下句。第39题根据上一句中的a code book和下一句举的例子可知，此处表示“有了密码本，你就可以知道单词所代表的真正意义了”，选项F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.符合上下文的逻辑，故选F项。第40题根据上句提到的密码本的作用以及下句的转折可知，空格处指没有密码本很难破解密码。故选A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.。 [段落总结句]
如果空格位于段末，设题可分为两种情况：一种是承接逻辑类，考查设空处与前文的逻辑关系；另一类可能是段落总结句。该类通常是结论、概括性语句。要注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总結等的信号词，以及前文的同义句。
例4 （2015·北京卷） Finally， you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 75
解析 空格位于段末，考虑为段落总结句。前一句说精彩的想法随时会出现，所以带一本笔记本或录音机以便随时记录是一个好主意。前后构成因果和总结的关系。而G. Therefore， it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone. 是对本段的总结，选项中的therefore是表示因果和总结关系的信号词。
[篇章总结句]
如果最后一段不是与前面几段并列的要点，而是对整篇文章的总结，空格又位于段末，则极有可能是篇章总结句。此时所填选项要能呼应前文主题，并且总结概括，得出结论。
例5 （2012·新课标卷） These steps aren’t magic， but they do work. And if you can stay positive as you make your way through a tough time， you’ll help yourself feel better even faster. 75
解析 空格位于篇尾，并且最后一段是对全文的总结，考虑为篇章总结句。文章介绍了克服压力的四个步骤：获取支持、避免自责、解决问题和保持积极情绪。最后一段说，这些措施并不是万能的，但是的确会起作用。如果你在度过困难的过程中保持积极乐观的态度，你就会更快地帮助自己感觉更好。最后一句是对全文的总结，因此选择D. Ah， it feels so good when the stress is gone。
以上五种类型在高考试题中并不一定都出现，目前考查较多的是段落主题句和承上启下句。在答题时可以快速浏览全文和选项，做到心中有数，大体确定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置，然后再根据不同类型分别验证。
[练习]
How to Make Friends
Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends. Good friendship has many benefits. It offers companionship， improves self-worth and promotes good health. There are times in our lives such as when we have recently moved into a new town， or changed our jobs or schools. Such changes often leave us without a friend. 1 But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage. Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends.
1. Associate with others.
The first step to making friends is associating with other people. You can go to public places to meet new people. Besides， you will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member of such places.
2. Start a conversation.
Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends. 2 You can always start the conversation. Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people.
3. 3
Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together. Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience.
4. Let it grow.
It is a good thing to stay in touch. However， try not to press your new friend with calls， messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and finally you may lose your friend. 4 The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally. 5. Enjoy your friendship.
The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your friends to be themselves. 5 Try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be. Become the kind of friend you will want your friend to be to you.
A. Be cheerful.
B. Do things together.
C. Do not wait to be spoken to.
D. Try not to find fault with your friends.
E. Making new friends comes easy for some people.
F. For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch.
G. So you will need to give your friend time to react to you.
這是一篇说明文，向我们介绍了如何交朋友，并给出了交友的5条建议。
解析 1. E。根据后面的转折句But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage.可推知，前面说的是获得友谊这个过程对一些人来说很容易。因此正确答案为E。
2. C。由空格后面的You can always start the conversation. 可知，你要先发起一个会话，因此推知空白处应该是不要老等着别人先和你说话。
3. B。本题要求选择小标题。根据后面的内容Choosing friends with common interests ...可推测出本段主要谈论要选择有共同兴趣，能一起做事的朋友。所以选择B项。
4. G。空格前面说不要通过电话，短信或亲自拜访给你的朋友施加压力，这可能会使对方疲惫不堪，最后你会失去友谊，因此后面应该说你要给你的朋友时间对你作出回应。
5. D。由前面一句说要允许你的朋友们做他们自己，以及后面的不要试图改变他们，可以推测空白处说的是不要对朋友太挑剔。
[段落主题句]
根据说明文体裁的特点，如果空格位于段首，通常考查段落主题句。解题的方法是首先阅读其他段落主题句，确定可能使用的选项。然后再通读把握该段内容，注意备选项和段落中的原词复现、同义复现，锁定正确答案。
例1 （2016·全国卷II）
37
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants， flowers， patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（肥料）. 38 However， there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.
解析 第37题空格位于段首，应为段落主题句。观察另一段的段落主题句是祈使句Recall（回忆） your childhood memories。七个选项中使用祈使句的有两个，分别是A. Know why you garden.和B. Find a good place for your own garden.。再通读该段，特别是however之后的部分there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. 可知，该段主要说明人们从事园艺的原因，故选A项。
第38题是承上启下句。由前面的Some people may think ... Others are concerned about ...可知此处表达的是人们对园艺的不同态度，而E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants与上文衔接自然，故选E项。
[篇章主题句]
说明文首段的末句一般是是全文的主题所在，说明本文将主题探讨哪些内容或对某一问题或现象给出建议，然后会在下文中以要点的形式进行呈现。如果首段的末句设空，则优先考虑是篇章主题句。
例2 （2014·北京卷）
Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information， how to separate fact from opinion， how to recognize poor reasoning， and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 71
解析 这是文章的第一段，大意是：作出好的健康选择需要合理评估。而合理评估的第一步是甄别信息来源。合理评估包括知晓如何找到相关信息，如何将事实从观点中剥离出来，如何识别拙劣的推论，还有如何分析信息并判断资源的可靠性。下文四个段落分别展开了这四个要点。因此可以判断该空格处有可能是篇章主题句。而七个选项中G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources. 恰好是篇章主题句，故选G项。
[承上启下句]
这是考查较多的一类。该类型在文章或段落的中间挖空，所挖掉的句子通常在语境和逻辑方面和上下文有密切的关系。解题时应瞻前顾后，注意查找是否有一些关键词的重复，或是否有转折、递进、因果、让步、顺承等逻辑关系，以及下一句中是否有代词的指代和替代等。
例3 （2016·全国卷I） A code uses symbols to replace words， phrases， or sentences. To read the message of a real code， you must have a code book. 39 For example， “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me”. The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However， it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.
解析 第39和40题都位于段中，应为承上启下句。第39题根据上一句中的a code book和下一句举的例子可知，此处表示“有了密码本，你就可以知道单词所代表的真正意义了”，选项F. With a code book， you might write down words that would stand for other words.符合上下文的逻辑，故选F项。第40题根据上句提到的密码本的作用以及下句的转折可知，空格处指没有密码本很难破解密码。故选A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.。 [段落总结句]
如果空格位于段末，设题可分为两种情况：一种是承接逻辑类，考查设空处与前文的逻辑关系；另一类可能是段落总结句。该类通常是结论、概括性语句。要注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总結等的信号词，以及前文的同义句。
例4 （2015·北京卷） Finally， you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 75
解析 空格位于段末，考虑为段落总结句。前一句说精彩的想法随时会出现，所以带一本笔记本或录音机以便随时记录是一个好主意。前后构成因果和总结的关系。而G. Therefore， it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone. 是对本段的总结，选项中的therefore是表示因果和总结关系的信号词。
[篇章总结句]
如果最后一段不是与前面几段并列的要点，而是对整篇文章的总结，空格又位于段末，则极有可能是篇章总结句。此时所填选项要能呼应前文主题，并且总结概括，得出结论。
例5 （2012·新课标卷） These steps aren’t magic， but they do work. And if you can stay positive as you make your way through a tough time， you’ll help yourself feel better even faster. 75
解析 空格位于篇尾，并且最后一段是对全文的总结，考虑为篇章总结句。文章介绍了克服压力的四个步骤：获取支持、避免自责、解决问题和保持积极情绪。最后一段说，这些措施并不是万能的，但是的确会起作用。如果你在度过困难的过程中保持积极乐观的态度，你就会更快地帮助自己感觉更好。最后一句是对全文的总结，因此选择D. Ah， it feels so good when the stress is gone。
以上五种类型在高考试题中并不一定都出现，目前考查较多的是段落主题句和承上启下句。在答题时可以快速浏览全文和选项，做到心中有数，大体确定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置，然后再根据不同类型分别验证。
[练习]
How to Make Friends
Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends. Good friendship has many benefits. It offers companionship， improves self-worth and promotes good health. There are times in our lives such as when we have recently moved into a new town， or changed our jobs or schools. Such changes often leave us without a friend. 1 But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage. Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends.
1. Associate with others.
The first step to making friends is associating with other people. You can go to public places to meet new people. Besides， you will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member of such places.
2. Start a conversation.
Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends. 2 You can always start the conversation. Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people.
3. 3
Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together. Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience.
4. Let it grow.
It is a good thing to stay in touch. However， try not to press your new friend with calls， messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and finally you may lose your friend. 4 The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally. 5. Enjoy your friendship.
The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your friends to be themselves. 5 Try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be. Become the kind of friend you will want your friend to be to you.
A. Be cheerful.
B. Do things together.
C. Do not wait to be spoken to.
D. Try not to find fault with your friends.
E. Making new friends comes easy for some people.
F. For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch.
G. So you will need to give your friend time to react to you.
這是一篇说明文，向我们介绍了如何交朋友，并给出了交友的5条建议。
解析 1. E。根据后面的转折句But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage.可推知，前面说的是获得友谊这个过程对一些人来说很容易。因此正确答案为E。
2. C。由空格后面的You can always start the conversation. 可知，你要先发起一个会话，因此推知空白处应该是不要老等着别人先和你说话。
3. B。本题要求选择小标题。根据后面的内容Choosing friends with common interests ...可推测出本段主要谈论要选择有共同兴趣，能一起做事的朋友。所以选择B项。
4. G。空格前面说不要通过电话，短信或亲自拜访给你的朋友施加压力，这可能会使对方疲惫不堪，最后你会失去友谊，因此后面应该说你要给你的朋友时间对你作出回应。
5. D。由前面一句说要允许你的朋友们做他们自己，以及后面的不要试图改变他们，可以推测空白处说的是不要对朋友太挑剔。