论文部分内容阅读
在阅读理解中，同学们经常会遇到一些没有学过或没有见过的词，如果在平时，同学们尚可使用字典查阅，如果在考场上，就需要同学们在很短的时间内根据上下文推测出来。这种推断词义的能力，是同学们必须具备的能力。推断词义需要一定的技巧，如果同学们掌握一定的方法就不难。
[利用定义或解释推测词义]
在文章中，对于一些生僻难懂的术语，作者往往会进行定义或解释，这样既能使他的写作清楚明了，也给读者提供了极大的方便。从解释定义中我们即使得不出此术语的准确定义，也会有一个轮廓上的大致了解，使我们能较准确的把握作者所要传达的思想。对于文章中出现的生词，为不给读者造成理解上的困难，作者一方面可以通过标点符号，如过破折号，逗号等将生词和对其解释的语句进行分割，有时可以通过解释性的插入语或提示语，如that is，in other words，that is to say，which means等对句中的生词进行解释。当然对于专业术语除给定义解释外，作者有时还附以读者熟悉的例子进行说明，这样既形象生动，又简单明了。
例1 Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. People’s food supplies were similarly vulnera-le. Even after they had learned how to plant grains， they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. Therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind， which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.
The underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 means .
A. impossible to make sure of
B. likely to be protected
C. easy to damage
D. difficult to find
解析 C。文章中的Even after they had learned how to plant grains， they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. 这一具体的事例可知，人类是“脆弱的，易受攻击的”，此外vulnerable又通过副词similarly和第一句Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats所陈述的事例又进行了呼应。故答案为C。
[利用同义或反义关系推测词义]
英语与中文一样，是一种忌讳重复的语言，也就是说，在行文时，作者通常要采用不同表达形式，即采用另外的词或短语来表达相同的一件事情，这样在段落中就会有一些结构，尤其是生词所对应的同义或反义的表达，为我们猜测其词义提供了有效的线索。
例2 Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year； equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change？ If it gets drier， will it still survive and continue to draw down CO2？ Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.
The underlined phrase “mopping up” in the second paragraph means _________.
A. cleaning up B. taking in
C. wiping out D. giving out
解析 B。句中mopping up和helping to slow在结构上由and来连接，说明两者地位同等，其意义相近或相同，故mopping up应为“吸入”的意思，此外，接下来一句中的take in也可以进一步了帮助我们来确定mopping up的词义。故选B项。
[利用因果或同位等逻辑关系推测词义]
在阅读中碰到生词时，不要急于立刻弄清其词义，而应该耐心地继续往下读，然后通过上下文中的逻辑关系来分析含有生词句子的句意。因为在一个连贯的语篇当中，作者总会使用一些语句来帮助我们去紧跟他的思路，从而准确地把握他所要传达的思想。语篇中的这种逻辑关系可帮助我们来理解和推测该句子中生词的词义。 例3 Best of all， each programme is put together by professional broadcasters， journalists， and editors who have a strong interest in European languages and cultures. That enthusiasm comes through in every edition. From New York to London to Singapore， the users tell us no company produces a better product for language learners at all levels. Ring for more information. Or order at www.audiomagazine.com. We guarantee that you have nothing to lose if it’s not for you； let us know within six weeks and we will completely reimburse you.
What does the underlined part “reimburse” probably mean？
A. Return the money you paid.
B. Change the product you bought.
C. Offer you a free repair.
D. Guarantee you the quality.
解析 A。通过分析文章最后由分号连接的两个并列句，不难看出，两者属于同位关系，前一句表达的是“如果产品对你不合适，我们保证不会让你有任何的损失”，而后一句说“在六周之内通知我们，我们将完全给你……”，由于这两个句子表达的是同一个意思，故选A项。
[利用转折或对比关系推测词义]
在阅读时，我们还可以根据上下句中表转折或对比关系的连接词，如but， however， otherwise等来判断前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义，进而来推测生词的词义。有时，分号也可以表示转折、对比的意义。
例4 Members of the working class have blue-collar jobs. They are construction workers， truck drivers， mechanics， steel workers， electricians， and the like. What makes this class differ from the lower class is， first， longer periods of employment — and therefore， more fixed incomes — and， second， employment in skilled or semiskilled （半熟练的） occupations， not unskilled ones. Although unemployment hits all levels of the American economy， including those of skilled and semi-skilled workers， it is most common at the bottom of the class structure and increasingly less common at each level upward. They consider themselves to be respectable and hard working and they look down upon members of the "lower" class， whom they often consider to be lazy， dishonest， and too ready to exploit public assistance.
The underlined word “hit” （paragraph 1） roughly means .
A. strike with a blow B. have bad effects on
C. break up D. beat
解析 B。通过分析although引出表转折关系的两个分句，我们不难看出产生“社会结构最底层最常见，等级高的阶层逐步少见”的现象，其发生条件应是“失业‘袭击了’美国经济的各个阶层”。故选B项。
例5 A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle； it can be a basket of fun， according to Beth Anaclerio， an Evaston mother of two， ages 4 and 18 months.
What does the under lined word “hassle” probably mean？
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests 解析 C。由前句的否定doesn’t与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以推断出孩子的生日并不是一件麻烦事，相反其充满了乐趣。hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty， trouble等相近。故选C项。
[练习]
1. Today for the most part， people travel by trains， ships，airplanes，and ears，but very little by the Use of horses. Modem vehicles are propelled by engines，and an engine does not have any sense. In case of danger，many horses could be depended on to help. Not so with the engine；the driver must do all the things.
In the paragraph，the word “propel” means .
A. repair B. push forward
C. made D. raise
2. When we are excited， angry， scared， or aroused by other emotions， our bodies go through many physical changes. Our hearts beat faster， and our muscles get tense. All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react.
What does the word “emotions” in the paragraph mean？
A. acts B. feelings
C. measurements D. thinking
3. When anyone calls my “seize the moment” friend， she is open to adventure and available for trips. She keeps an open mind on new mind on new ideas. Her enthusiasm for life is contagious You talk with her for five minutes， and you’re ready to trade your bad feet for a pair of Rollerblades and skip an elevator for a bungee cord.
The underlined word “contagious” in the paragraph means .
A. appropriate B. influential
C. practical D. tiresome
4. Doomed beauties such as Cleopatra and Manilyn Monroe were far from alone in their misery. Very attractive people tend to form partnerships that are less stable and satisfying than those enjoyed by plain Janes.
The underlined phrase “plain Janes” in the passage refer to .
A. ordinary-looking women B. women called Jane
C. common people D. attractive women
5. “Hey， there’s another bank，” I said， “Could you wait here a minute while I go inside？”
“No， I can’t wait. Pay me now.” His reluctance may have something to do with money — taxi drivers think the rate for waiting time is too low — but I think he wanted me to learn that even a bank robber can’t expect unconditional support.
The underlined word “reluctance” in the paragraph most probably means .
A. anger B. unwillingness
C. opportunity D. eagerness
6. And if you’ve gathered your friends around you to rebuild a happy family atmosphere（气氛）， you may fear that saying no will bring back the kind of conflict you grew up with— or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy.
The underlined word “conflict” means .
A. dependent life B. fierce fight
C. bad manners D. painful feeling
7. More American people take their troubles with them on holiday， according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure from work， almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.
The underlined word “survey” in the paragraph most probably means .
A. research B. review
C. exhibition D. examination
[参考答案]
1～5 BBBAB 6～7 BA
[利用定义或解释推测词义]
在文章中，对于一些生僻难懂的术语，作者往往会进行定义或解释，这样既能使他的写作清楚明了，也给读者提供了极大的方便。从解释定义中我们即使得不出此术语的准确定义，也会有一个轮廓上的大致了解，使我们能较准确的把握作者所要传达的思想。对于文章中出现的生词，为不给读者造成理解上的困难，作者一方面可以通过标点符号，如过破折号，逗号等将生词和对其解释的语句进行分割，有时可以通过解释性的插入语或提示语，如that is，in other words，that is to say，which means等对句中的生词进行解释。当然对于专业术语除给定义解释外，作者有时还附以读者熟悉的例子进行说明，这样既形象生动，又简单明了。
例1 Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. People’s food supplies were similarly vulnera-le. Even after they had learned how to plant grains， they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. Therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind， which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.
The underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 means .
A. impossible to make sure of
B. likely to be protected
C. easy to damage
D. difficult to find
解析 C。文章中的Even after they had learned how to plant grains， they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. 这一具体的事例可知，人类是“脆弱的，易受攻击的”，此外vulnerable又通过副词similarly和第一句Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats所陈述的事例又进行了呼应。故答案为C。
[利用同义或反义关系推测词义]
英语与中文一样，是一种忌讳重复的语言，也就是说，在行文时，作者通常要采用不同表达形式，即采用另外的词或短语来表达相同的一件事情，这样在段落中就会有一些结构，尤其是生词所对应的同义或反义的表达，为我们猜测其词义提供了有效的线索。
例2 Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year； equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change？ If it gets drier， will it still survive and continue to draw down CO2？ Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.
The underlined phrase “mopping up” in the second paragraph means _________.
A. cleaning up B. taking in
C. wiping out D. giving out
解析 B。句中mopping up和helping to slow在结构上由and来连接，说明两者地位同等，其意义相近或相同，故mopping up应为“吸入”的意思，此外，接下来一句中的take in也可以进一步了帮助我们来确定mopping up的词义。故选B项。
[利用因果或同位等逻辑关系推测词义]
在阅读中碰到生词时，不要急于立刻弄清其词义，而应该耐心地继续往下读，然后通过上下文中的逻辑关系来分析含有生词句子的句意。因为在一个连贯的语篇当中，作者总会使用一些语句来帮助我们去紧跟他的思路，从而准确地把握他所要传达的思想。语篇中的这种逻辑关系可帮助我们来理解和推测该句子中生词的词义。 例3 Best of all， each programme is put together by professional broadcasters， journalists， and editors who have a strong interest in European languages and cultures. That enthusiasm comes through in every edition. From New York to London to Singapore， the users tell us no company produces a better product for language learners at all levels. Ring for more information. Or order at www.audiomagazine.com. We guarantee that you have nothing to lose if it’s not for you； let us know within six weeks and we will completely reimburse you.
What does the underlined part “reimburse” probably mean？
A. Return the money you paid.
B. Change the product you bought.
C. Offer you a free repair.
D. Guarantee you the quality.
解析 A。通过分析文章最后由分号连接的两个并列句，不难看出，两者属于同位关系，前一句表达的是“如果产品对你不合适，我们保证不会让你有任何的损失”，而后一句说“在六周之内通知我们，我们将完全给你……”，由于这两个句子表达的是同一个意思，故选A项。
[利用转折或对比关系推测词义]
在阅读时，我们还可以根据上下句中表转折或对比关系的连接词，如but， however， otherwise等来判断前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义，进而来推测生词的词义。有时，分号也可以表示转折、对比的意义。
例4 Members of the working class have blue-collar jobs. They are construction workers， truck drivers， mechanics， steel workers， electricians， and the like. What makes this class differ from the lower class is， first， longer periods of employment — and therefore， more fixed incomes — and， second， employment in skilled or semiskilled （半熟练的） occupations， not unskilled ones. Although unemployment hits all levels of the American economy， including those of skilled and semi-skilled workers， it is most common at the bottom of the class structure and increasingly less common at each level upward. They consider themselves to be respectable and hard working and they look down upon members of the "lower" class， whom they often consider to be lazy， dishonest， and too ready to exploit public assistance.
The underlined word “hit” （paragraph 1） roughly means .
A. strike with a blow B. have bad effects on
C. break up D. beat
解析 B。通过分析although引出表转折关系的两个分句，我们不难看出产生“社会结构最底层最常见，等级高的阶层逐步少见”的现象，其发生条件应是“失业‘袭击了’美国经济的各个阶层”。故选B项。
例5 A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle； it can be a basket of fun， according to Beth Anaclerio， an Evaston mother of two， ages 4 and 18 months.
What does the under lined word “hassle” probably mean？
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests 解析 C。由前句的否定doesn’t与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以推断出孩子的生日并不是一件麻烦事，相反其充满了乐趣。hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty， trouble等相近。故选C项。
[练习]
1. Today for the most part， people travel by trains， ships，airplanes，and ears，but very little by the Use of horses. Modem vehicles are propelled by engines，and an engine does not have any sense. In case of danger，many horses could be depended on to help. Not so with the engine；the driver must do all the things.
In the paragraph，the word “propel” means .
A. repair B. push forward
C. made D. raise
2. When we are excited， angry， scared， or aroused by other emotions， our bodies go through many physical changes. Our hearts beat faster， and our muscles get tense. All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react.
What does the word “emotions” in the paragraph mean？
A. acts B. feelings
C. measurements D. thinking
3. When anyone calls my “seize the moment” friend， she is open to adventure and available for trips. She keeps an open mind on new mind on new ideas. Her enthusiasm for life is contagious You talk with her for five minutes， and you’re ready to trade your bad feet for a pair of Rollerblades and skip an elevator for a bungee cord.
The underlined word “contagious” in the paragraph means .
A. appropriate B. influential
C. practical D. tiresome
4. Doomed beauties such as Cleopatra and Manilyn Monroe were far from alone in their misery. Very attractive people tend to form partnerships that are less stable and satisfying than those enjoyed by plain Janes.
The underlined phrase “plain Janes” in the passage refer to .
A. ordinary-looking women B. women called Jane
C. common people D. attractive women
5. “Hey， there’s another bank，” I said， “Could you wait here a minute while I go inside？”
“No， I can’t wait. Pay me now.” His reluctance may have something to do with money — taxi drivers think the rate for waiting time is too low — but I think he wanted me to learn that even a bank robber can’t expect unconditional support.
The underlined word “reluctance” in the paragraph most probably means .
A. anger B. unwillingness
C. opportunity D. eagerness
6. And if you’ve gathered your friends around you to rebuild a happy family atmosphere（气氛）， you may fear that saying no will bring back the kind of conflict you grew up with— or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy.
The underlined word “conflict” means .
A. dependent life B. fierce fight
C. bad manners D. painful feeling
7. More American people take their troubles with them on holiday， according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure from work， almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.
The underlined word “survey” in the paragraph most probably means .
A. research B. review
C. exhibition D. examination
[参考答案]
1～5 BBBAB 6～7 BA