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十八世纪的进步学说包括三项原则:一、相信人可以变得完美;二、相信人类的统一性;三、认为人类历史上有一个为了达到进步目的的运动。我觉得这个进步学说的基本论点仍是正确的。在历史发展过程中,人是慢慢变得理性化和道德化的。道德观念主要是通过宗教和法律来影响社会的,在这两个领域里,理性因素都起着巨大而复杂的作用。在民主社会里,不仅法律日益密切地与社会的道德意识相接触,而且作了许多努力来说明法律的范围。在独裁政权下,法律已经彻底道德化了。按照民主社会的看法,这不是前进,而是后退了一步。当道德观念和我们对人性及其可能性的知识增长取得了理性上的一致时,它们就会有力量去鼓励和支持社会行动。现在比过去更清楚,如果有进步的可能,那必定是全人类的事情。今天人类可以被设想分为五个或六个主要集团:(1)东亚(中国和日本);(2)印度扣印度尼西亚;(3)伊斯兰国家;(4)俄国和它的卫星国;(5)西方世界;(6)正在出现的非洲各国。这些集团中没有一个是离开或能够离开其余集团而独立发展的。从经济上说,只能在一个世界性的经济中才能获得进一步的发展。从政治上说,和平是不能分割的。人类统一的步伐显然在加速。马克思关于生活目的的观点或关于社会正义的原理,并不和人道主义的理性论有明显的分歧。人类统一的一个重要方面是法律的统一。平等和自由的观念,如果恰当地重新加以解释,在处理国家之间的关系时也是有价值的。现在已经有一种世界良心开始形成。伦理学和社会学面临的任务是:进一步澄清自我指导的人性观,指出其实际含义,赋予它以生动而富于想象的表现,以便把它变为一种指导力量。
The doctrine of progress in the eighteenth century consisted of three principles: first, believing that man could become perfect; second, believing in the unity of mankind; and thirdly, thinking that there was a movement in the history of mankind for the purpose of progress. I think the basic argument of this progressive doctrine is still correct. In the process of historical development, people are slowly becoming rationalized and moralized. Morality affects society mainly through religion and law, and in both of these areas, the rational factors all play a huge and complex role. In a democratic society, not only is law increasingly close to the moral awareness of society, but much effort has been made to explain the scope of the law. Under the dictatorship, the law has been thoroughly moralized. In the view of a democratic society, this is not a move forward, but a step backwards. When moral values gain a rational agreement with our knowledge of human nature and its possibilities, they have the power to encourage and support social action. Now more clearly than in the past, and if progress is possible, it must be a matter for all humanity. Today humans can be conceived as five or six major groups: (1) East Asia (China and Japan); (2) India withholding Indonesia; (3) Islamic States; (4) Russia and its satellite states; (5) ) Western world; (6) Emerging African countries. None of these groups developed independently by leaving or being able to leave the rest of the group. Economically speaking, further development can only be achieved in a global economy. Politically speaking, peace can not be divided. The pace of human unification is clearly accelerating. Marx’s point of view on the purpose of life or the principle of social justice does not differ from the rationalism of humanitarianism. An important aspect of human unity is the unification of law. The concepts of equality and freedom, if properly reinterpreted, are also valuable in dealing with the relations among nations. There is already a world where conscience begins to take shape. The task of ethics and sociology is to further clarify the self-directed concept of human nature, point out its actual meaning, give it a vivid and imaginative performance in order to turn it into a guiding force.