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企业和市场一样,同样存在着失灵问题。企业失灵是指企业替代市场之后,企业不能有效发挥配置资源的功能或者配置资源的效率低下,从而无法实现节约交易成本、达致帕累托最优的目的。导致企业失灵的原因有很多,主要包括两大类:一是人的因素,二是环境因素。其中人的因素包括有限理性、机会主义以及官僚主义;而环境因素主要包括内部激励约束、内部产权界定不清晰、信息不对称、垄断、集体行动的逻辑、市场狭小以及不确定性等。
As in the market, there is also a problem of failure. Enterprise failure refers to the replacement of the market after the enterprise, the enterprise can not effectively play the role of allocation of resources or the inefficient allocation of resources, which can not be achieved to save transaction costs and achieve the optimal Pareto purpose. There are many reasons leading to business failure, including two main categories: one is the human factor, the other is the environmental factor. The human factors include bounded rationality, opportunism and bureaucracy. The environmental factors mainly include internal incentive and restraint, unclear definition of internal property rights, information asymmetry, monopoly, logic of collective action, narrow market and uncertainties.