人性问题很早时候在中外学术史上,就引起了热烈的争论。我国古代儒家,就有性善、性恶之辩。在西方,首先是很多哲学家们主张普遍永恒的人性,认为人在社会中所形成的各种性质,都是后天的,不属于自然本性的范围。至于自然本性,则是永恒不变的。但持性善、性恶之说的也有,如卢梭、霍布士即是。其他如洛克的白板说,黑格尔的异化论,费尔巴哈的人与自然同格论等,亦都各有其不同的论点。但所有这些人在人性论上主张的分歧,都没有超出形而上学和机械唯物论的范围,仍然未能正确地解决这个历史上长期争持不下的问题。让我们来看看马克思主义者怎样来对待人性这个问题吧! 一在马克思的现存著作里,没有关于人性的完整的系统地论述,但他说到人性的地方还是很多。他先后不止一次地提到什么是“违反人性”,“丧失了人性”,与“人类本性”,“人的一般本性”等。从这些地方的上下文看他所要阐明反面与正面的意义,也还可以探索其中的一些端倪来。人类自进入私有制社会后,人性就从来没有能够得到自由的发展过。然而在过去的几个社会,例如封建社会中,小生产者或独立劳动者还比较有发展自己的自由个性的必要条件和基础。他们在生产手工业的产品,或在自己独立操作的耕地上,都还可以自出 Very early in human history, academic history in China and abroad, it caused a heated debate. Ancient Chinese Confucianism, there is a good nature, the evil of the argument. In the west, firstly, many philosophers advocate the universal eternal human nature and think that the various properties formed by man in the society are all acquired and do not belong to the scope of natural nature. As for nature, it is immutable. However, holding good nature, sexual evil also said, such as Rousseau, Hobs is that. Others such as Locke’s whiteboard say that Hegel’s alienation theory and Feuerbach’s human and nature theory of equality also have their own different arguments. However, the disagreements advocated by all these people on the theory of human nature have not gone beyond the scope of metaphysics and mechanical materialism and still failed to correctly solve the long-standing problem that can not be conquered by history. Let us see how Marxists treat humanity as a matter of fact. In his extant writings, there is no complete and systematic exposition of human nature, but he said there are still many human beings. He has mentioned on more than one occasion what is “violation of human nature”, “loss of human nature”, and “human nature” and “the general nature of mankind.” From the context of these places, he is going to explore the implications of the opposite and the positive, as well as explore some of them. Human beings have never been able to freely develop since entering the private-owned society. However, in the past few societies, such as the feudal society, small producers or independent laborers also compared the necessary conditions and foundations for developing their own free personality. They can also produce their own handicraft products or cultivate their own independently-operated cultivated land