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一般认为,2010年是中国通航改革的元年。在这一年国家制定了一个10年规划,预计在2020年,中国基本实现低空空域开放。也就是说,到了2020年,私人飞机这类通航飞机可以想飞就飞,一切自由。如今,离同行改革元年已经过去了3年,中国通航事业究竟改变了多少、向前推进了多远?
在许多人看来,这3年里中国的通航产业和大多数新兴产业一样,处在一种声势浩大,却又徘徊不前的状态。声势浩大,是因为对通航发展利好的政策法规相继出台,通航企业、航校、飞行员、私人飞机的数量年年增长。那为什么又徘徊不前?因为除了上面的喜人之势,通航基础设施不健全、人才储备不足等,无法把每个环节的进步变成大幅增长的通航飞行时数。
至于为什么会这样,在深入探讨之前,让我们先回顾一下通航这3年。
On November 2010, the State Council and the Central Military Commission jointly issued the Opinions on Deepening the Reform of China's Low-altitude Airspace (hereafter referred to as the”Opinions”), which set out the overall objective, phased steps, and main tasks on deepening the reform of China's Low-altitude Airspace. It was Year One for China’s general aviation development. In three years, an infant can grow into an energetic child. What happens to China’s general aviation in the past three years?
In the Opinions, the State Council and the Central Military Commission laid out a 5-10 year low altitude airspace construction and reform plan starting from 2010.
Before 2011, upgraded pilot programs had been rolled in Shenyang and Guangzhou flight control sub-regions based on experiences accumulated from previous pilots in Changchun and Guangzhou. Since 2011, low altitude airspace reform pilot programs had been rolled out across the country. Low altitude airspace has been assigned in Beijing (outside of second ring road), Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, and Chengdu flight control sub-regions. But all these pilots are fragmented. Starting from 2016, the separated pilot zones will be integrated to form a bigger area for better development and usage.
三年通航推进之——低空分类
我们所说的“低空开放”,其实是指1000米以下的空域的开放。因为通用航空作业和转场飞行,高度大多集中在1000米以下空域。为了有步骤的进行低空开放,中国将低空又分成了三类,它们分别是报告空域、监视空域、管制空域。
第1类
——报告空域
顾名思义,在这类空域中,你只要向空管部门通知一下自己何时飞、哪里起飞、哪里降落,然后自己去飞就行了。这个过程就像开车出行一样,没人会阻拦你。
报告空域通常划设在远离空中禁区、空中危险区、空中限制区、国(边)境地带、地面重要目标以及飞行密集地区、机场管制地带等区域的上空。
第2类
——监视空域
对于这类空域,虽然你在飞这类空域时依然只需报备,无需申报、审批,但空军空管部门会给你指出明确的飞行路线,同时监视你的飞行动态,如果你“出轨”了,他们还会给予告警。
监视空域通常划设在管制空域周围,属于缓冲地带,避免你误入管制空域。
第3类
——管制空域
如果要在这类低空空域飞行,就必须申请飞行计划、等待批准。即使批准了,也要在空军空管部门给出的明确的飞行路线上飞,而非飞行时要接受实时的管制指挥。
管制空域通常划设在飞行比较繁忙的地区,机场起降地带、空中禁区、空中危险区、空中限制区、地面重要目标、国(边)境地带等区域的上空。
3年通航推进之——
从试点布局,“管窥”改革方向
截止2014年1月,中国低空空域改革试点包括“两大区、七小区”,“两大区”是沈阳、广州管制区,它们所辖范围是辽宁省、广东省的空域全境。“七小区”分别是唐山、西安、青岛、杭州、宁波、昆明、重庆管制分区。
这样的试点分布,无疑是在为今后大区化、全国化低空开放做准备。沈阳试点可以扩展到东北全境、广州则辐射到华南沿海、杭州和宁波则是华东地区、重庆和昆明则是西南地区、西安则是西北、唐山则是华北地区的前哨试点。 林先生眼中的低空开放与航油“紧缩”
作为低空空域管理改革第一批试点地区,据我所知,沈阳管制区内的通航企业这两年的通航飞行时间有所增加。但这些增量大多是以政府性质的通航作业为主,而且增加的幅度也是比较有限,沈阳刚被列为第一批试点时大家预想中的大幅度增长并未出现。
为什么会出现这样的情况呢?除了基础设施、导航设施等问题,还有另一个较少被提及却非常棘手的麻烦——航油短缺。
航油短缺,这本来是一个市场经济下很容易规避的问题。可是现在,它却成为制约国内通航产业的一个大瓶颈。目前在国内,只有兰州炼油厂一家企业生产95号航空汽油。如果我们这边的通航企业需要购买燃油,必须提前12个月向兰州炼油厂签订采购合同、并预付全额油款,而且至少要达到2000吨以上的定货后对方才开动生产线。即使我们有能力有资金一次性提前一年支付全额航油款,油出厂后我们还必须租用厂家的油罐,一次性将航油运输至自己的基地保存。
对小型的通航企业来说,运营基地根本无法一次性储存100吨以上航空汽油;即使通航基地能够一次性储藏100吨以上航空汽油,但通航作业任务分散,每个任务通常只需要5~10吨航空汽油,这就导致了二次运输和储藏的问题。最终,这些航油只能用空油桶分散保存,然后租用机场内部车辆运送到飞机下靠人工手摇给飞机加油。买辆油罐车是一个办法!听起来简单,实现起来却很难。因为你无法通过正规渠道申请危险品运输许可证,而且在大多数作业机场不允许一般司机在场内驾驶。
正因为以上种种航油的麻烦,试点地区利好的低空开放政策并不能直接变成通航作业,不能直接变成产业与效益。我们和许多通航企业一样,希望航空汽油的生产能够放弃垄断模式、进一步市场化,让更多的企业参与到市场竞争中。我想随着各地航油销售渠道的健全,低空开放政策才能进一步发挥效能,促进通航产业。
点评:综合上述情况,低空空域的开放,并不仅仅是有了政策就能满足的,它需要整个产业链的协同。而航油短缺这种因垄断经营而导致的问题,也应得到逐步解决。如果按照低空空域开放时间表来看,这个问题应该很快会被提上议事日程。航空汽油、航空煤油的市场化,应该不会太遥远。
As one of the first pilot areas, Shenyang air traffic control area has seen an incremental growth of general aviation activities. However, the growth is not as significant as expected, and most of it are government operations.
Why is that? Apart from lack of infrastructure, communication services, and navigation facilities, there is a very challenging but rarely mentioned problem- jet fuel shortage.
In a market economy, shortage is not supposed to be a big issue. But in today’s China, only Lanzhou Refinery produces 95# jet fuel. If a operator in Shenyang wants to purchase jet fuel, it has to order more than 2,000 tonnes and pay in full at least 12 months in advance for the refinery to start the production line. Suppose we have the ability to pay in full one year in advance, we have to then to hire fuel tanks from the refinery to transport all the fuel to our operating base for storage.
Small general aviation businesses cannot even store more than 100 tonnes in their bases. Even if they can, as each flight takes only 5-10 tonnes of fuel, there will further cost for a another transportation and storage. In the end, what they can do is to store fuel in separate barrels, rent a airport vehicle and deliver it to the aircraft, and refuel manually. Want to buy a tank truck? Sorry, you cannot obtain a certificate for dangerous goods transportation, the most airports does not allow average drivers to operate within the airport.
Because of the above challenges, jet fuel shortage is becoming a bottleneck for general aviation development. Like many general aviation businesses, we hope the jet fuel production can be more market oriented and allow more entrants into the market. Only with optimized jet fuel sales channels can the favorable policies realize their full potential. U-Jet Views: As described above, the opening up of low altitude airspace requires not only policy support, but coordination of thew whole industrial chain. Monopoly issues such as fuel shortage should be addressed. If we want to fully open up low altitude airspace by 2020, we have to bring this issue on to our agenda. The days of market oriented jet fuel and jet kerosene will not be far away.
低空开放后的木桶效应
低空开放政策在试点区域试水了3年,国家会对这3年的政策进行总结,我们通航产业经营者同样也会对这3年进行回顾与思考。
在这3年的发展中,我们更深刻的体会到通航是一个系统产业。它就像航空母舰,要形成战斗力,不仅要能让飞机上天,更要组建一个庞大的战斗群。而在我们看来,如果机场、FBO这类固定设施的滞后,即使天空都开放了也是有机难飞。
飞机从一个地方飞上天,如果目的地没有机场、中途没有可供加油的FBO,真正的低空自由飞行就不可能实现。这个问题在很长一段时间内,都将困扰着通航产业。
中国或许是全球最热衷于基础设施建设的国家,可是为什么在建机场这个问题上显得反应迟钝?这里面其实存在复杂的博弈。地方政府认为通航修机场投资大、盈利慢,而且全国绝大部分的民航机场都处在亏损状态中。为官一任,这东西既无法带来短期政绩,还有可能被认为好大喜功,这前人栽树后人乘凉的买卖干不干可想而知。
通航机场少,飞机就不容易飞起来,飞机飞得少,机场更赔本,于是乎就形成了一个先有鸡还是先有蛋的“死循环”。
地方政府不愿意亲自弄,为什么不引入民营资本建机场呢?其实民营资本还是有愿望去建立机场的。不过很快遇到了第一个麻烦——拿地很困难。即使拿到了地,因为通航机场建设的准入门槛高,最低也得按照小型民航机场的标准来建,所以投资者将面临着很大的资本要求。很多私人建起来的通航机场因为规模较小,无法拿到民航局和空军的许可证,最后面临着修完了却不合法的尴尬境况。
在通航领域,如果不能打破先建机场,还是先等通航飞行多起来这样的循环争论,即使低空空域政策再好,通航产业依然会因为木桶效应难以整体提升。
如何打破以上的“死循环”?可以考虑借鉴铁路的经验,由民航系统组建公司,负责有计划地投建机场和FBO建设;也可以考虑放宽标准,引入民营资本,逐步修建更适合通航的小规模机场……具体政策何去何从,最终还要看国家相关机构的调研与决策。然而如果不能稳扎稳打地推荐地面固定设施的建设,低空开放利好政策带来的效果终归会受到限制。
Low altitude airspace pilot programs have been implemented for three years. Like the government, general aviation operators have reviewed and reflected on the development of the past 3 years.
Through three year’s development, we truly felt that general aviation is a systematic industry. An aircraft carrier is not truly powerful unless it carriers a big, systematic fleet. The biggest bottleneck for general aviation development today is the lack of infrastructure like airports and FBO. Without airports at destinations and FBOs in between, low altitude freedom will never be possible. And this challenge will continue to exist for a long time to come.
China may be the world’s most committed country in terms of infrastructure construction. But why is it so slow in airport construction? One reason could be the high investment and slow return. Most civil aviation airports in China are operating at a loss. Local governments are naturally reluctant to build general aviation airports where the number of flights are even less. But on the other hand, without new airports, there will not be much growth of general aviation flights.
If local governments are not willing to invest, why don’t they let in private capital? There are two obstacles. First, it is difficult to acquire the required land, and second, it is difficult to get CAAC and Air Force operating permit. The threshold is so high that the lowest standard for general aviation airport is as high as small-sized civil aviation airports. Many private airport faces shuting down because of the high standards. If the shortest board of the bucket remain unresolved, even with low altitude freedom, the growth of the industry will still be restricted. We could follow the high-speed rail approach in which CAAC build all airports and FBO, or relax restrictions and let in private investment. Future progress still hinges on the research and decision of relevant authorities. But if infrastructure is not improved, the result of the good polices will be compromised.
通航服务的“官办民营”时代
我想谈的,是关于民营资本进入通航服务领域的问题。而问题的核心,就是让企业来做服务,政府机关的职能只是监管企业。这样一来,通航服务就能实现盈利,而政府也可以摆脱许多“官办官营”带来的纷繁。
随着低空开放政策的逐步推进,通航空管信息服务站的角色会越来越重要。在广州飞行管制区被划为低空开放试点后,这类服务站已经开始建立了。这种服务站全称为通航信息服务站(FSS),是由国家空管委主导建立。服务站系统由地空通信系统、监视系统、话音通信系统、全自动气象站、飞行计划处理系统等部分构成。本质上,它属于一种综合的通航指挥保障的系统。我们企业,就是受政府委托来管理这类服务站。
未来,一个合法的私人飞机拥有者需要进行飞行活动,只需与所属管制分区下辖的服务站沟通,申报飞行计划,获取所需信息即可。这样就省去找航管部门审批、申报的步骤,流程简化了很多。这种模式,是通航发达国家的常规的管理办法。
目前国内这种飞行服务站已经在大量建立中,而且采取的模式是政府营建、“服务外包”,也就是由政府先将服务站建起来,然后转给我们这样的民营资本来运营管理。我想,不久这种模式就会在全国普遍推广,并开始建立完善的法律规范。
新出台的《通用航空飞行任务审批与管理规定》第17条,明确了要加大通航指挥保障力度,我想这一信号就是大规模推进全国地面保障设施的开端。而且在通航信息服务站发展的下一个阶段,随着法规的健全,很可能它会变身成为更综合的服务机构。
With the promotion of low altitude airspace reform, general aviation flight service stations (FSS) will be playing an increasingly important role. Similar service stations have been established in Guangzhou since start of the pilot reform program. Led by National Airspace Management Commission, FSS consists of air-ground communication systems, surveillance systems, voice communication systems, automatic weather stations, and flight plan management systems and offers flight plan service, weather service, traffic advisories, flight information service, warning and rescue services.
In the future, owners of legally owned aircraft will only need to report flight plan and obtain required information from the local FSS before any flight activity, as a common practice in developed countries. At present, domestic FSS are operated through “outsourcing”, established and owned by the government but operated by private capital. FSS is still new in China, its future developments requires the support of relevant laws and regulations.
目前,中国的空域资源民航占了20%,另外80%作为军用或者空置。而在世界范围内,空域的管理权一般都在政府而非军方手中。美国、英国、巴西和俄罗斯等大国都是如此。在美国,80%的空域供民航飞行;在巴西,圣保罗城市上空有600架私人直升机在使用低空空域。欧洲同样存在军民使用空域冲突的问题,但相较于中国民航部门,欧洲民航部门更强势,所以与军方协调的结果更有利于民航。如在法国,通常情况下,大部分空域供民航使用,军方训练若要使用空域,使用计划必须提前1天向民航公布,并应主要在低飞行密度区进行,避免影响航班飞行。
根据国际经验,人均GDP到达4000美元时,通用航空将进入快速开展通道;人均GDP到达8000美元时,私人、文娱飞行将占通用航空的60%以上,通航行业发展进入成熟阶段。
在许多人看来,这3年里中国的通航产业和大多数新兴产业一样,处在一种声势浩大,却又徘徊不前的状态。声势浩大,是因为对通航发展利好的政策法规相继出台,通航企业、航校、飞行员、私人飞机的数量年年增长。那为什么又徘徊不前?因为除了上面的喜人之势,通航基础设施不健全、人才储备不足等,无法把每个环节的进步变成大幅增长的通航飞行时数。
至于为什么会这样,在深入探讨之前,让我们先回顾一下通航这3年。
On November 2010, the State Council and the Central Military Commission jointly issued the Opinions on Deepening the Reform of China's Low-altitude Airspace (hereafter referred to as the”Opinions”), which set out the overall objective, phased steps, and main tasks on deepening the reform of China's Low-altitude Airspace. It was Year One for China’s general aviation development. In three years, an infant can grow into an energetic child. What happens to China’s general aviation in the past three years?
In the Opinions, the State Council and the Central Military Commission laid out a 5-10 year low altitude airspace construction and reform plan starting from 2010.
Before 2011, upgraded pilot programs had been rolled in Shenyang and Guangzhou flight control sub-regions based on experiences accumulated from previous pilots in Changchun and Guangzhou. Since 2011, low altitude airspace reform pilot programs had been rolled out across the country. Low altitude airspace has been assigned in Beijing (outside of second ring road), Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, and Chengdu flight control sub-regions. But all these pilots are fragmented. Starting from 2016, the separated pilot zones will be integrated to form a bigger area for better development and usage.
三年通航推进之——低空分类
我们所说的“低空开放”,其实是指1000米以下的空域的开放。因为通用航空作业和转场飞行,高度大多集中在1000米以下空域。为了有步骤的进行低空开放,中国将低空又分成了三类,它们分别是报告空域、监视空域、管制空域。
第1类
——报告空域
顾名思义,在这类空域中,你只要向空管部门通知一下自己何时飞、哪里起飞、哪里降落,然后自己去飞就行了。这个过程就像开车出行一样,没人会阻拦你。
报告空域通常划设在远离空中禁区、空中危险区、空中限制区、国(边)境地带、地面重要目标以及飞行密集地区、机场管制地带等区域的上空。
第2类
——监视空域
对于这类空域,虽然你在飞这类空域时依然只需报备,无需申报、审批,但空军空管部门会给你指出明确的飞行路线,同时监视你的飞行动态,如果你“出轨”了,他们还会给予告警。
监视空域通常划设在管制空域周围,属于缓冲地带,避免你误入管制空域。
第3类
——管制空域
如果要在这类低空空域飞行,就必须申请飞行计划、等待批准。即使批准了,也要在空军空管部门给出的明确的飞行路线上飞,而非飞行时要接受实时的管制指挥。
管制空域通常划设在飞行比较繁忙的地区,机场起降地带、空中禁区、空中危险区、空中限制区、地面重要目标、国(边)境地带等区域的上空。
3年通航推进之——
从试点布局,“管窥”改革方向
截止2014年1月,中国低空空域改革试点包括“两大区、七小区”,“两大区”是沈阳、广州管制区,它们所辖范围是辽宁省、广东省的空域全境。“七小区”分别是唐山、西安、青岛、杭州、宁波、昆明、重庆管制分区。
这样的试点分布,无疑是在为今后大区化、全国化低空开放做准备。沈阳试点可以扩展到东北全境、广州则辐射到华南沿海、杭州和宁波则是华东地区、重庆和昆明则是西南地区、西安则是西北、唐山则是华北地区的前哨试点。 林先生眼中的低空开放与航油“紧缩”
作为低空空域管理改革第一批试点地区,据我所知,沈阳管制区内的通航企业这两年的通航飞行时间有所增加。但这些增量大多是以政府性质的通航作业为主,而且增加的幅度也是比较有限,沈阳刚被列为第一批试点时大家预想中的大幅度增长并未出现。
为什么会出现这样的情况呢?除了基础设施、导航设施等问题,还有另一个较少被提及却非常棘手的麻烦——航油短缺。
航油短缺,这本来是一个市场经济下很容易规避的问题。可是现在,它却成为制约国内通航产业的一个大瓶颈。目前在国内,只有兰州炼油厂一家企业生产95号航空汽油。如果我们这边的通航企业需要购买燃油,必须提前12个月向兰州炼油厂签订采购合同、并预付全额油款,而且至少要达到2000吨以上的定货后对方才开动生产线。即使我们有能力有资金一次性提前一年支付全额航油款,油出厂后我们还必须租用厂家的油罐,一次性将航油运输至自己的基地保存。
对小型的通航企业来说,运营基地根本无法一次性储存100吨以上航空汽油;即使通航基地能够一次性储藏100吨以上航空汽油,但通航作业任务分散,每个任务通常只需要5~10吨航空汽油,这就导致了二次运输和储藏的问题。最终,这些航油只能用空油桶分散保存,然后租用机场内部车辆运送到飞机下靠人工手摇给飞机加油。买辆油罐车是一个办法!听起来简单,实现起来却很难。因为你无法通过正规渠道申请危险品运输许可证,而且在大多数作业机场不允许一般司机在场内驾驶。
正因为以上种种航油的麻烦,试点地区利好的低空开放政策并不能直接变成通航作业,不能直接变成产业与效益。我们和许多通航企业一样,希望航空汽油的生产能够放弃垄断模式、进一步市场化,让更多的企业参与到市场竞争中。我想随着各地航油销售渠道的健全,低空开放政策才能进一步发挥效能,促进通航产业。
点评:综合上述情况,低空空域的开放,并不仅仅是有了政策就能满足的,它需要整个产业链的协同。而航油短缺这种因垄断经营而导致的问题,也应得到逐步解决。如果按照低空空域开放时间表来看,这个问题应该很快会被提上议事日程。航空汽油、航空煤油的市场化,应该不会太遥远。
As one of the first pilot areas, Shenyang air traffic control area has seen an incremental growth of general aviation activities. However, the growth is not as significant as expected, and most of it are government operations.
Why is that? Apart from lack of infrastructure, communication services, and navigation facilities, there is a very challenging but rarely mentioned problem- jet fuel shortage.
In a market economy, shortage is not supposed to be a big issue. But in today’s China, only Lanzhou Refinery produces 95# jet fuel. If a operator in Shenyang wants to purchase jet fuel, it has to order more than 2,000 tonnes and pay in full at least 12 months in advance for the refinery to start the production line. Suppose we have the ability to pay in full one year in advance, we have to then to hire fuel tanks from the refinery to transport all the fuel to our operating base for storage.
Small general aviation businesses cannot even store more than 100 tonnes in their bases. Even if they can, as each flight takes only 5-10 tonnes of fuel, there will further cost for a another transportation and storage. In the end, what they can do is to store fuel in separate barrels, rent a airport vehicle and deliver it to the aircraft, and refuel manually. Want to buy a tank truck? Sorry, you cannot obtain a certificate for dangerous goods transportation, the most airports does not allow average drivers to operate within the airport.
Because of the above challenges, jet fuel shortage is becoming a bottleneck for general aviation development. Like many general aviation businesses, we hope the jet fuel production can be more market oriented and allow more entrants into the market. Only with optimized jet fuel sales channels can the favorable policies realize their full potential. U-Jet Views: As described above, the opening up of low altitude airspace requires not only policy support, but coordination of thew whole industrial chain. Monopoly issues such as fuel shortage should be addressed. If we want to fully open up low altitude airspace by 2020, we have to bring this issue on to our agenda. The days of market oriented jet fuel and jet kerosene will not be far away.
低空开放后的木桶效应
低空开放政策在试点区域试水了3年,国家会对这3年的政策进行总结,我们通航产业经营者同样也会对这3年进行回顾与思考。
在这3年的发展中,我们更深刻的体会到通航是一个系统产业。它就像航空母舰,要形成战斗力,不仅要能让飞机上天,更要组建一个庞大的战斗群。而在我们看来,如果机场、FBO这类固定设施的滞后,即使天空都开放了也是有机难飞。
飞机从一个地方飞上天,如果目的地没有机场、中途没有可供加油的FBO,真正的低空自由飞行就不可能实现。这个问题在很长一段时间内,都将困扰着通航产业。
中国或许是全球最热衷于基础设施建设的国家,可是为什么在建机场这个问题上显得反应迟钝?这里面其实存在复杂的博弈。地方政府认为通航修机场投资大、盈利慢,而且全国绝大部分的民航机场都处在亏损状态中。为官一任,这东西既无法带来短期政绩,还有可能被认为好大喜功,这前人栽树后人乘凉的买卖干不干可想而知。
通航机场少,飞机就不容易飞起来,飞机飞得少,机场更赔本,于是乎就形成了一个先有鸡还是先有蛋的“死循环”。
地方政府不愿意亲自弄,为什么不引入民营资本建机场呢?其实民营资本还是有愿望去建立机场的。不过很快遇到了第一个麻烦——拿地很困难。即使拿到了地,因为通航机场建设的准入门槛高,最低也得按照小型民航机场的标准来建,所以投资者将面临着很大的资本要求。很多私人建起来的通航机场因为规模较小,无法拿到民航局和空军的许可证,最后面临着修完了却不合法的尴尬境况。
在通航领域,如果不能打破先建机场,还是先等通航飞行多起来这样的循环争论,即使低空空域政策再好,通航产业依然会因为木桶效应难以整体提升。
如何打破以上的“死循环”?可以考虑借鉴铁路的经验,由民航系统组建公司,负责有计划地投建机场和FBO建设;也可以考虑放宽标准,引入民营资本,逐步修建更适合通航的小规模机场……具体政策何去何从,最终还要看国家相关机构的调研与决策。然而如果不能稳扎稳打地推荐地面固定设施的建设,低空开放利好政策带来的效果终归会受到限制。
Low altitude airspace pilot programs have been implemented for three years. Like the government, general aviation operators have reviewed and reflected on the development of the past 3 years.
Through three year’s development, we truly felt that general aviation is a systematic industry. An aircraft carrier is not truly powerful unless it carriers a big, systematic fleet. The biggest bottleneck for general aviation development today is the lack of infrastructure like airports and FBO. Without airports at destinations and FBOs in between, low altitude freedom will never be possible. And this challenge will continue to exist for a long time to come.
China may be the world’s most committed country in terms of infrastructure construction. But why is it so slow in airport construction? One reason could be the high investment and slow return. Most civil aviation airports in China are operating at a loss. Local governments are naturally reluctant to build general aviation airports where the number of flights are even less. But on the other hand, without new airports, there will not be much growth of general aviation flights.
If local governments are not willing to invest, why don’t they let in private capital? There are two obstacles. First, it is difficult to acquire the required land, and second, it is difficult to get CAAC and Air Force operating permit. The threshold is so high that the lowest standard for general aviation airport is as high as small-sized civil aviation airports. Many private airport faces shuting down because of the high standards. If the shortest board of the bucket remain unresolved, even with low altitude freedom, the growth of the industry will still be restricted. We could follow the high-speed rail approach in which CAAC build all airports and FBO, or relax restrictions and let in private investment. Future progress still hinges on the research and decision of relevant authorities. But if infrastructure is not improved, the result of the good polices will be compromised.
通航服务的“官办民营”时代
我想谈的,是关于民营资本进入通航服务领域的问题。而问题的核心,就是让企业来做服务,政府机关的职能只是监管企业。这样一来,通航服务就能实现盈利,而政府也可以摆脱许多“官办官营”带来的纷繁。
随着低空开放政策的逐步推进,通航空管信息服务站的角色会越来越重要。在广州飞行管制区被划为低空开放试点后,这类服务站已经开始建立了。这种服务站全称为通航信息服务站(FSS),是由国家空管委主导建立。服务站系统由地空通信系统、监视系统、话音通信系统、全自动气象站、飞行计划处理系统等部分构成。本质上,它属于一种综合的通航指挥保障的系统。我们企业,就是受政府委托来管理这类服务站。
未来,一个合法的私人飞机拥有者需要进行飞行活动,只需与所属管制分区下辖的服务站沟通,申报飞行计划,获取所需信息即可。这样就省去找航管部门审批、申报的步骤,流程简化了很多。这种模式,是通航发达国家的常规的管理办法。
目前国内这种飞行服务站已经在大量建立中,而且采取的模式是政府营建、“服务外包”,也就是由政府先将服务站建起来,然后转给我们这样的民营资本来运营管理。我想,不久这种模式就会在全国普遍推广,并开始建立完善的法律规范。
新出台的《通用航空飞行任务审批与管理规定》第17条,明确了要加大通航指挥保障力度,我想这一信号就是大规模推进全国地面保障设施的开端。而且在通航信息服务站发展的下一个阶段,随着法规的健全,很可能它会变身成为更综合的服务机构。
With the promotion of low altitude airspace reform, general aviation flight service stations (FSS) will be playing an increasingly important role. Similar service stations have been established in Guangzhou since start of the pilot reform program. Led by National Airspace Management Commission, FSS consists of air-ground communication systems, surveillance systems, voice communication systems, automatic weather stations, and flight plan management systems and offers flight plan service, weather service, traffic advisories, flight information service, warning and rescue services.
In the future, owners of legally owned aircraft will only need to report flight plan and obtain required information from the local FSS before any flight activity, as a common practice in developed countries. At present, domestic FSS are operated through “outsourcing”, established and owned by the government but operated by private capital. FSS is still new in China, its future developments requires the support of relevant laws and regulations.
目前,中国的空域资源民航占了20%,另外80%作为军用或者空置。而在世界范围内,空域的管理权一般都在政府而非军方手中。美国、英国、巴西和俄罗斯等大国都是如此。在美国,80%的空域供民航飞行;在巴西,圣保罗城市上空有600架私人直升机在使用低空空域。欧洲同样存在军民使用空域冲突的问题,但相较于中国民航部门,欧洲民航部门更强势,所以与军方协调的结果更有利于民航。如在法国,通常情况下,大部分空域供民航使用,军方训练若要使用空域,使用计划必须提前1天向民航公布,并应主要在低飞行密度区进行,避免影响航班飞行。
根据国际经验,人均GDP到达4000美元时,通用航空将进入快速开展通道;人均GDP到达8000美元时,私人、文娱飞行将占通用航空的60%以上,通航行业发展进入成熟阶段。