1926年,苏联科学院常任秘书奥尔登堡在欧洲各地考察回国后写道:“如果说十八世纪是科学院世纪,而十九世纪是大学世纪,二十世纪将成为研究所的世纪。”①奥尔登堡已经意识到科研组织体制的历史演化特征。但是,他对于科研体制动态演化的轮廓无疑是描绘得过于简单了。由于现代化建设的需要,当前我国对于科研体制的改革正在 In 1926, Oltenburg, the permanent secretary of the Soviet Academy of Sciences wrote after returning home from various parts of Europe: “If we say that the eighteenth century is the century of the Academy of Sciences and the nineteenth century is the century of the university, the century of the twentieth century will become the century of the institute.” ① Oldenburg is aware of the historical evolution of the scientific organization. However, his outline of the dynamic evolution of the research system is undoubtedly over-simplified. Due to the need of modernization, the current reform of our country’s scientific research system is under way