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显微技术是人们认识材料微观结构的重要途径,从光学显微镜的诞生到电子显微镜以及本文将要介绍的扫描探针显微技术(SPM),体现了人们探索物质结构的不懈努力。一般的光学显微镜由于受到光学衍射的限制,其分辨率一般在250纳米左右,相比之下电子显微镜的分辨率则大为提高,一般扫描电子显微镜的横向分辨率能够达到3-5纳米(即30-50埃),但是用电子显微镜还不能直接观察到分子和原子。1981年利用电子隧道效应发明了扫描隧道显微镜(STM),它和光学显微镜、电子显微镜相比有很大的不同,不需要任何的光学透镜和电子透镜。由于 STM 能达到很高的分辨率,所以能清楚地观察分子和原子。它的出现使人类第一次能够实时地观察单个原子在物质表面的排列状态和与表面电子行为有关的物理、化学性质,是对表面现象和表面研究技术的一次重要推进。下面简单介绍一下它们的原理。
Microscopy is an important way for people to understand the microstructure of materials. From the birth of light microscope to the electron microscope and the scanning probe microscopy (SPM) which will be introduced in this paper, microscopy reflects the tireless efforts of people to explore the material structure. General optical microscope due to optical diffraction restrictions, the resolution is generally about 250 nm, compared with electron microscopy resolution is greatly improved, the general scanning electron microscope lateral resolution can reach 3-5 nm (ie 30-50 angstroms), but molecules and atoms can not be directly observed by electron microscopy. The tunnel tunneling microscope (STM) was invented in 1981 using electron tunneling. It differs greatly from optical microscopy and electron microscopy. It does not require any optical or electron lenses. Because STM can achieve high resolution, so clearly observe the molecules and atoms. It is the first time human beings have been able to observe the arrangement state of individual atoms on the surface of matter in real time and the physical and chemical properties related to the surface electronic behavior. It is an important advance on the surface phenomena and surface research technology. Here’s a brief introduction to their principles.