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好的篇章由一些主要的构成要素组成，段落就是其中之一。段落是用来在文章中组织信息的。在读写段落时，英文段落中的“主题句——支撑句——结论句”的结构，在一般情况下是很明确的。
1. 主题句
每个段落都会有一个要点，该要点通常由主题句表达。主题句运用开门见山手法，通常概括且清楚地陈述本段落的信息。整个段落都围绕主题句展开。例如：模块十U2 Reading （Line 43）
Young mobile adults give many different reasons for swapping their home towns for big cities.
但是，也并不是所有的段落都一定有主题句的。有时一个段落只是延续了前一个段落的主题，所以如果前一个段落有了主题句，这个段落就不一定有了。
主题句出现在句首是常见的，但有时也可出现在段中或出现在段落的末尾。不过在情节性故事或其他一些文体中的，主题句可以放置于第一段的一段引子之后。引子的目的就是为了吸引读者的注意力，这个引子往往可以是一个有趣的小故事、一个问题或一小段话。例如：模块十U2 Reading （Line 3）
Older Americans are on the move.
该段在文章中很有可爱之处，第一句Older Americans are on the move.是个引言，一眼就能看出全段所表达的中心——美国老年人在迁徙，这就是主题句;而第二、三两句用一些细节来支撑这个主题句。
2. 支撑句
主题句后跟有对其加以解释或证明的句子称为支撑句。例如：还是刚才那段：
For decades， Florida has been attracting older people. In fact， according to the national population survey conducted recently， Florida is home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older.
值得一提的是，段落中的支撑句的排列顺序是有层次的。我们可以使用连接词将前后句子连接。常见的连接词有for example， for instance， furthermore， first， on the other hand， however等。例如：模块十U2 Reading （Line22）
Florida is a popular choice for these people because of the pleasant climate and the low cost of living there. As the number of older Americans moving there increases， more changes are made to cater to them. For example， ambulances respond faster now， and many houses have bathrooms designed for older owners， with things like easytouse bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls.
3. 结论句
结论句又称总结句，标志着一个段落的结束，一般可以用来重述一下主题，提供问题的解决方式，对未来进行预测，提出问题让读者去思考等等，或者直接对全段内容加以概括。常见的结论句连接词有therefore， in short， in a word， briefly speaking， to sum up等。当然了，结论句不是主题句的简单重复，而是对它的扩展与总结。有时也可以用结论句来表达关于这个主题的最后想法，或用它来帮助引入下一段的主题。例如：模块十 U2 Reading （Line 41）
Across the USA， people are noticing the same thing： young people are electing to live in cities.
牛刀小试
一、选出下列各段落的主题句
A. One of the reasons for visiting the lighthouses is that the lighthouses have a profound history and provide a good view of nature.
B. Visiting lighthouses will help us to understand the lives of lighthouse keepers.
C. Another reason for considering a visit is that the lighthouses themselves can be very attractive buildings.
D. The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.
Everyone should visit a lighthouse at least once.
（1） They had only basic ways of creating light， and yet they found a way of using this simple technology in isolated （孤零零的） places to save ships from hitting rocks. （2） By their very nature， lighthouses were built on some rocks or cliffs. Thus the lighthouse keepers often lived lonely lives. To walk around their small home， and imagine the angry storm outside beating against the walls， is to take a step towards understanding the lives they had.
（3） The reason for a visit to a lighthouse is not all so backwardlooking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in outofway places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day， this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. Therefore， with the gentle waves touching all round the lighthouse， the visitor is likely to think it is a world preferable to the busy and noisy modern life.
（4） Mankind could often not be content just to put up a basic structure， but felt the need， even in such an isolated place， to build with an artistic touch. The result is a view for tired eyes to enjoy. Finally， lighthouses have a romantic attraction， summed up by the image of the oilskincoated keeper climbing his winding stairs to take care of the light to warn ships and save lives.
二、选词填空
then; later; since; whenever; on the other hand; and; once; while; on the contrary; in the first place
Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness， happiness， goodness and selfrespect？ The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” helps you create this life of good feelings.
Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent， and profit from the clerks mistake， we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. 1 we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. 2， if we told the clerk about the uncharged item， the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.
3， what is it to do with our sense of happiness？
4， if we didnt tell the clerk， a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process， we would lose some peace of mind and selfrespect. We would also demonstrate that we cannot be trusted， 5 we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others.6， bringing the error to the clerks attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store， we feel honorable and our selfrespect is increased. 7 we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.
There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. 8 its easy to think and act honorably again when were happy. 9 the positive cycle can be difficult to start， 10 its started， its easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind， which is important for our happiness.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
参考答案
一、（1） D（2） B（3） A（4） C
二、1. Later2. On the other hand3. Then4. In the first place5. since6. On the contrary
7. Whenever8. And9. While10. once
（作者：姜晨露，海安县曲塘中学）
1. 主题句
每个段落都会有一个要点，该要点通常由主题句表达。主题句运用开门见山手法，通常概括且清楚地陈述本段落的信息。整个段落都围绕主题句展开。例如：模块十U2 Reading （Line 43）
Young mobile adults give many different reasons for swapping their home towns for big cities.
但是，也并不是所有的段落都一定有主题句的。有时一个段落只是延续了前一个段落的主题，所以如果前一个段落有了主题句，这个段落就不一定有了。
主题句出现在句首是常见的，但有时也可出现在段中或出现在段落的末尾。不过在情节性故事或其他一些文体中的，主题句可以放置于第一段的一段引子之后。引子的目的就是为了吸引读者的注意力，这个引子往往可以是一个有趣的小故事、一个问题或一小段话。例如：模块十U2 Reading （Line 3）
Older Americans are on the move.
该段在文章中很有可爱之处，第一句Older Americans are on the move.是个引言，一眼就能看出全段所表达的中心——美国老年人在迁徙，这就是主题句;而第二、三两句用一些细节来支撑这个主题句。
2. 支撑句
主题句后跟有对其加以解释或证明的句子称为支撑句。例如：还是刚才那段：
For decades， Florida has been attracting older people. In fact， according to the national population survey conducted recently， Florida is home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older.
值得一提的是，段落中的支撑句的排列顺序是有层次的。我们可以使用连接词将前后句子连接。常见的连接词有for example， for instance， furthermore， first， on the other hand， however等。例如：模块十U2 Reading （Line22）
Florida is a popular choice for these people because of the pleasant climate and the low cost of living there. As the number of older Americans moving there increases， more changes are made to cater to them. For example， ambulances respond faster now， and many houses have bathrooms designed for older owners， with things like easytouse bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls.
3. 结论句
结论句又称总结句，标志着一个段落的结束，一般可以用来重述一下主题，提供问题的解决方式，对未来进行预测，提出问题让读者去思考等等，或者直接对全段内容加以概括。常见的结论句连接词有therefore， in short， in a word， briefly speaking， to sum up等。当然了，结论句不是主题句的简单重复，而是对它的扩展与总结。有时也可以用结论句来表达关于这个主题的最后想法，或用它来帮助引入下一段的主题。例如：模块十 U2 Reading （Line 41）
Across the USA， people are noticing the same thing： young people are electing to live in cities.
牛刀小试
一、选出下列各段落的主题句
A. One of the reasons for visiting the lighthouses is that the lighthouses have a profound history and provide a good view of nature.
B. Visiting lighthouses will help us to understand the lives of lighthouse keepers.
C. Another reason for considering a visit is that the lighthouses themselves can be very attractive buildings.
D. The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.
Everyone should visit a lighthouse at least once.
（1） They had only basic ways of creating light， and yet they found a way of using this simple technology in isolated （孤零零的） places to save ships from hitting rocks. （2） By their very nature， lighthouses were built on some rocks or cliffs. Thus the lighthouse keepers often lived lonely lives. To walk around their small home， and imagine the angry storm outside beating against the walls， is to take a step towards understanding the lives they had.
（3） The reason for a visit to a lighthouse is not all so backwardlooking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in outofway places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day， this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. Therefore， with the gentle waves touching all round the lighthouse， the visitor is likely to think it is a world preferable to the busy and noisy modern life.
（4） Mankind could often not be content just to put up a basic structure， but felt the need， even in such an isolated place， to build with an artistic touch. The result is a view for tired eyes to enjoy. Finally， lighthouses have a romantic attraction， summed up by the image of the oilskincoated keeper climbing his winding stairs to take care of the light to warn ships and save lives.
二、选词填空
then; later; since; whenever; on the other hand; and; once; while; on the contrary; in the first place
Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness， happiness， goodness and selfrespect？ The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” helps you create this life of good feelings.
Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent， and profit from the clerks mistake， we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. 1 we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. 2， if we told the clerk about the uncharged item， the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.
3， what is it to do with our sense of happiness？
4， if we didnt tell the clerk， a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process， we would lose some peace of mind and selfrespect. We would also demonstrate that we cannot be trusted， 5 we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others.6， bringing the error to the clerks attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store， we feel honorable and our selfrespect is increased. 7 we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.
There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. 8 its easy to think and act honorably again when were happy. 9 the positive cycle can be difficult to start， 10 its started， its easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind， which is important for our happiness.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
参考答案
一、（1） D（2） B（3） A（4） C
二、1. Later2. On the other hand3. Then4. In the first place5. since6. On the contrary
7. Whenever8. And9. While10. once
（作者：姜晨露，海安县曲塘中学）