In the wake of the Afghanistan War,the Afghan Taliban(hereafter termed the Taliban) quickly regrouped and set up a horizontal organizational structure in which their ethnic composition became increasingly diverse and their ideology appeared more pragmatic and moderate.The Taliban accommodated the political culture and demands of the vast rural and tribal societies of Afghanistan by providing necessary public goods and satisfying the need of local communities for survival and security.Hence,the Afghan society was mobilized.By contrast,the Afghan government failed miserably in its efforts to centralize power and develop rural areas,which resulted in lessened efficiency of the govemance of the Afghan state due to intense competition among ethnic groups.Gradually,the Taliban filled the power vacuums in the countryside,eroding and dismantling the local institutions of the Afghan government.Ultimately,it returned to power during the withdrawal of the United States (US) troops from the country.Nevertheless,a long list of major challenges is awaiting the Taliban,including the reconfiguration of its loosely organized structure and the building of a sociopolitical system capable of melding Islamic traditions with modern spirits.In this manner,power sharing,political inclusiveness,and economic growth can be achieved in Afghanistan,and the country can be reaccepted into the international community.