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【摘 要】让步结构是英汉两种语言中都存在的语言现象,英语中表达让步概念的方式更为丰富多样,本文初步探讨了让步概念的表达方式及其翻译方法。
【关键词】让步结构 表达方式 翻译方法
让步表达是英语和汉语都含有的语言现象,然而,英语较之汉语,其表达让步概念的手段更为丰富多样。除常见的although和though等表示让步的词引出的让步状语从句外,还有一些特殊的结构在逻辑上隐含有让步意味而表达让步概念的情况。本文试将这方面的问题结合翻译进行初步探索。
一、表让步的词引出的让步从句表达让步概念
although 和though引出的状语从句差别不大,只是although的语气稍微重一些,比though较为正式,多用于书面语。但它们在表意上还是有细微的差别:although引出的从句往往是表示事实的让步,而though引出的从句一般是表设想的让步,接近于even though(even if),句中谓语动词多用虚拟语气形式。如果他们表达上述不同概念时,不能互换使用,although在此时译为“虽然”,though译为“即使”。试比较:
1. He was not lonely although he had to live alone.虽然他不得不独自生活,但他并不感到孤独。 (表示事实)
2. He would not be lonely though he should have to live alone. 即使他独自一人生活,他也不会感到孤独。(表示设想)
even though (even if)也可以表达对现实和非现实让步两种概念。
3. Even though the manager were here. he could not solve the problem at once, too. 即使经理在这儿,他也不能立即解决这个问题。(表示非现实设想)
“No matter+疑问词(what, who , which, when, where等)+ever”也可以引出让步状语从句,表达一种比 though等引导的从句语气更为强烈的概念。例如:
1. No matter what (=whatever) might happen, he must finish the task. 不管发生什么,他都必须完成这项任务。
2. No matter where you work, you must work hard. 不管你在哪儿上班,你都必须努力。
连词as引出的状语从句,语义与though引导的让步从句相同。这种从句在句法上的明显特点是通常要求采用倒装语序。例如:
1. Hot as it was, they still went on working. 尽管天气热,他们仍然继续工作。
2. Poor as he was, he was honest. 他虽然贫穷,却很诚实。
3. Child as he is, he knows much knowledge. 尽管是孩子,但他懂很多知识。
5. Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone. 我使多大劲儿,这石头也搬不起来。
二、If, when, while引出的从句表达让步概念
if, when, while引出的状语从句,除分别表达条件、时间概念以外,也可以表达让步概念。这种让步概念可能是“事实的让步”,也可能是“设想的让步”两种情况,可译为“就算”“尽管”“即使”等概念。例如:
1. If Jack was there, I did not see him.就算约翰在那里,但我没见到他。
2. While this is true of some, it is not true at all. 虽然这部分是真的,但并非全部都是真的。
3. Even when it was raining heavily, he refused to take an umbrella. 即使下着大雨,他也不肯带雨伞。
三、定语从句表达让步概念
在特定的语言环境中,一些句子形式上是定语从句,而在逻辑意义上却兼有让步职能。这时将从句译为让步概念,更能表达原文内容。例如:
He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
他坚持要再造一幢房子,尽管他并无此需要。
四、并列分句表达让步概念
but, yet, however, still等词连接的并列分句,通过两个分句的语意对比,可以体现出让步关系。其前一分句表达让步意义,而后一分句则表达转折的概念,译为“虽然…但…”“尽管…然而…”的概念。例如:
1. English maybe difficult to learn, but I like it very much.
虽然英语不容易学,但我很喜欢它。
2. She tried hard, yet she failed. 尽管很努力,然而她却失败了。
3. He has been in office for only a month, he has, however, achieved more than any of his predecessors. 尽管上任仅一个月,然而他的工作比任何前任都有成就。
4. I cannot keep these trees alive, and I watered them well.
虽然我一直细心浇水,可还是没法使这些树成活。
5. Go where you will, but don`t forget the adage “Do in Rome as the Romans do.”无论你走到什么地方,都要记住“入乡随俗”这句格言。
五、介词(介词短语)或分词结构表达让步概念
介词with, despite等或介词短语for all , after all,in spite of等,在特定的上 下文或特定的语境中,可以表达或隐含让步意义。例如:
1. With all his wealth, he could never again be rich enough to own good health. 不管怎样有钱,也不能再使他拥有一副好身体。
2. Despite bitter opposition, they adopted the proposal.
虽然有人激烈反对,但他们还是通过了该项提案。
3. He failed after all. 尽管很努力,但还是失败了。
综上种种,未必成熟,有待于进一步探讨,笔者殷切期望同行专家指正。
【关键词】让步结构 表达方式 翻译方法
让步表达是英语和汉语都含有的语言现象,然而,英语较之汉语,其表达让步概念的手段更为丰富多样。除常见的although和though等表示让步的词引出的让步状语从句外,还有一些特殊的结构在逻辑上隐含有让步意味而表达让步概念的情况。本文试将这方面的问题结合翻译进行初步探索。
一、表让步的词引出的让步从句表达让步概念
although 和though引出的状语从句差别不大,只是although的语气稍微重一些,比though较为正式,多用于书面语。但它们在表意上还是有细微的差别:although引出的从句往往是表示事实的让步,而though引出的从句一般是表设想的让步,接近于even though(even if),句中谓语动词多用虚拟语气形式。如果他们表达上述不同概念时,不能互换使用,although在此时译为“虽然”,though译为“即使”。试比较:
1. He was not lonely although he had to live alone.虽然他不得不独自生活,但他并不感到孤独。 (表示事实)
2. He would not be lonely though he should have to live alone. 即使他独自一人生活,他也不会感到孤独。(表示设想)
even though (even if)也可以表达对现实和非现实让步两种概念。
3. Even though the manager were here. he could not solve the problem at once, too. 即使经理在这儿,他也不能立即解决这个问题。(表示非现实设想)
“No matter+疑问词(what, who , which, when, where等)+ever”也可以引出让步状语从句,表达一种比 though等引导的从句语气更为强烈的概念。例如:
1. No matter what (=whatever) might happen, he must finish the task. 不管发生什么,他都必须完成这项任务。
2. No matter where you work, you must work hard. 不管你在哪儿上班,你都必须努力。
连词as引出的状语从句,语义与though引导的让步从句相同。这种从句在句法上的明显特点是通常要求采用倒装语序。例如:
1. Hot as it was, they still went on working. 尽管天气热,他们仍然继续工作。
2. Poor as he was, he was honest. 他虽然贫穷,却很诚实。
3. Child as he is, he knows much knowledge. 尽管是孩子,但他懂很多知识。
5. Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone. 我使多大劲儿,这石头也搬不起来。
二、If, when, while引出的从句表达让步概念
if, when, while引出的状语从句,除分别表达条件、时间概念以外,也可以表达让步概念。这种让步概念可能是“事实的让步”,也可能是“设想的让步”两种情况,可译为“就算”“尽管”“即使”等概念。例如:
1. If Jack was there, I did not see him.就算约翰在那里,但我没见到他。
2. While this is true of some, it is not true at all. 虽然这部分是真的,但并非全部都是真的。
3. Even when it was raining heavily, he refused to take an umbrella. 即使下着大雨,他也不肯带雨伞。
三、定语从句表达让步概念
在特定的语言环境中,一些句子形式上是定语从句,而在逻辑意义上却兼有让步职能。这时将从句译为让步概念,更能表达原文内容。例如:
He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
他坚持要再造一幢房子,尽管他并无此需要。
四、并列分句表达让步概念
but, yet, however, still等词连接的并列分句,通过两个分句的语意对比,可以体现出让步关系。其前一分句表达让步意义,而后一分句则表达转折的概念,译为“虽然…但…”“尽管…然而…”的概念。例如:
1. English maybe difficult to learn, but I like it very much.
虽然英语不容易学,但我很喜欢它。
2. She tried hard, yet she failed. 尽管很努力,然而她却失败了。
3. He has been in office for only a month, he has, however, achieved more than any of his predecessors. 尽管上任仅一个月,然而他的工作比任何前任都有成就。
4. I cannot keep these trees alive, and I watered them well.
虽然我一直细心浇水,可还是没法使这些树成活。
5. Go where you will, but don`t forget the adage “Do in Rome as the Romans do.”无论你走到什么地方,都要记住“入乡随俗”这句格言。
五、介词(介词短语)或分词结构表达让步概念
介词with, despite等或介词短语for all , after all,in spite of等,在特定的上 下文或特定的语境中,可以表达或隐含让步意义。例如:
1. With all his wealth, he could never again be rich enough to own good health. 不管怎样有钱,也不能再使他拥有一副好身体。
2. Despite bitter opposition, they adopted the proposal.
虽然有人激烈反对,但他们还是通过了该项提案。
3. He failed after all. 尽管很努力,但还是失败了。
综上种种,未必成熟,有待于进一步探讨,笔者殷切期望同行专家指正。