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中国水制度有广义和狭义之分。狭义的水制度包含水资源制度、水环境制度和水生态制度,具体包括取水总量控制制度、水污染物总量控制制度、水资源费制度、水权交易制度、水污染权交易制度、水生态补偿制度、水环境污染问责制度和水环境损害赔偿制度八类;广义的水制度还包括防洪制度、排涝制度、灌溉制度等。在经历数十年的沿革与演变后,各类水制度相互作用且共同服务于中国水生态文明建设。基于网络普查方法,在深入分析1978—2014年中国31个省区市各类狭义水制度的制度关系和结构演变后,基于三类量化思路对水规制强度进行了测度并探讨了它们的省际差异。研究表明,水制度之间存在前置、替代或互补关系;每个地区都在寻求不同的水制度特色,但甚少有地区在水制度建设中一枝独秀;制度先发地区创新优势明显,但是否能够保持领先优势则因制度而异。
China’s water system has a broad and narrow sense. The narrow water system includes the water resource system, the water environment system and the aquatic ecological system, including the total water withdrawal control system, the total water pollutant control system, the water resource fee system, the water rights trading system, the water pollution rights trading system, the water Ecological compensation system, water environment pollution accountability system and water environment damage compensation system eight; generalized water system also includes flood control system, drainage system, irrigation system. After decades of evolution and evolution, various types of water systems interact with each other and serve the construction of China’s water ecological civilization. Based on the census method, after analyzing the institutional relationship and structural evolution of various narrow water regimes in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China from 1978 to 2014, the intensity of water regulation was measured based on three types of quantitative measures and their provincial difference. Studies show that there are pre-existing, alternative or complementary relationships among water systems; each area is seeking different characteristics of water system, but very few areas stand out from the standpoint of water system construction; Being able to stay ahead of the curve depends on the system.