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【目的】2003年8月至2004年9月,选取撂荒、耕作10年、50年与100年的吉林黑土、新疆灰漠土和撂荒、耕作20年与100年江西红壤及其长期定位施肥试验中的撂荒、CK、N、NP、NK、NPK、MNPK和1.5MNPK处理,研究长期耕作、定位施肥与土壤动物群落多样性关系。【方法】采用改良干漏斗(Modified Tullgren)法分离土壤0-20cm的土壤动物。【结果】共采集农田土壤动物26571只,其中大型土壤动物1632只、中小型土壤动物24939只,隶属4门5纲26目。弹尾目、膜翅目、蜱螨目为农田土壤动物中的优势类群。Kruskal-Wallis方差分析显示,长期耕作条件下不同土壤类型间仅农田土壤动物群落均匀性差异显著(x均匀性(2)=6.045,P<0.05);长期定位施肥条件下,不同土壤类型间农田土壤动物个体数、类群数以及群落多样性差异性(x个体数(2)=17.26,x类群数(2)=14.03,x多样性(2)=15.61,P<0.001)。长期耕作条件下,土壤动物类群一般在撂荒处理中数量最多、耕作早期中小型土壤动物类群最少;长期定位施肥条件下农田土壤动物个体和类群数在撂荒、有机肥配施处理中最高。长期耕作与长期定位施肥对农田土壤动物群落影响不均衡,其中对农田土壤动物个体总数影响最大,对均匀性影响最小。研究时段,长期耕作条件下土壤有机质和全氮与农田主要土壤动物群落之间典型相关关系不显著(P>0.05);长期定位施肥条件下土壤有机质和全氮与农田主要土壤动物群落之间存在显著典型相关关系(P<0.01),其中土壤全氮对蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目和土壤动物个体总数影响最大,而土壤有机质对蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目、土壤动物个体总数、类群数和群落多样性影响最大。土壤动物主要类群因素对由长期定位施肥引起的土壤有机质和土壤全氮变化具有很好的预测能力。【结论】农田土壤动物群落多样性改变与长期耕作与长期定位施肥有关。农田主要类群因素能够较好地预测长期定位施肥引起的土壤主要养分变化。
【OBJECTIVE】 From August 2003 to September 2004, selected Jilin black soil, abandoned land, cultivated for 10 years, 50 years and 100 years, gray desert soil and abandoned land in Jiangxi Province for 20 years and 100 years of tillage and long-term fertilization experiment CK, N, NP, NK, NPK, MNPK and 1.5MNPK were studied to study the relationship between long-term farming, fertilization and soil animal community diversity. 【Method】 Soil samples from 0-20 cm soil were isolated by modified Tullgren method. 【Result】 A total of 26571 soil animal species were collected, of which 1632 were large soil animals and 24,939 were small and medium sized soil animals, belonging to 4 orders, 5 classes and 26 orders. Phasianus, Hymenoptera and Acarina were the dominant groups in farmland soil animals. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance showed that the evenness of soil animal community was significantly different among different soil types under long-term tillage (x = 2.45, P <0.05). Under long-term fertilization, The numbers of individuals, groups and community diversity of soil fauna (x individuals (2) = 17.26, x groups (2) = 14.03, x diversity (2) = 15.61, P <0.001). Under long-term tillage, soil fauna generally had the highest number of abandoned fauna and the smallest soil fauna at the earliest days of farming. Soil fauna and taxa in farmland were the highest in fallow and organic manures under long-term fertilization. Long-term tillage and long-term fertilization had an unbalanced effect on the soil animal community, with the greatest impact on the total number of soil animal individuals and the least effect on the uniformity. There was no significant correlation between soil organic matter and total nitrogen and the main soil animal communities under long-term tillage (P> 0.05). There were significant differences between soil organic matter and total nitrogen and the main soil animal communities under long-term fertilization (P <0.01). Soil total nitrogen had the greatest effect on the total number of Acarina, Collembola, Hymenoptera and soil animal, while soil organic matter had the greatest effect on Acarina, Collembola, Hymenoptera, The total number of individuals, the number of taxa and community diversity have the greatest impact. The main taxonomic factors of soil fauna have good predictive ability to the changes of soil total organic nitrogen and soil caused by long-term fertilization. 【Conclusion】 The diversity of soil animal community in farmland is related to long-term farming and long-term fertilization. The main group of farmland factors can predict the long-term fertilization caused by changes in soil nutrients.