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Abstract Foxtail millet is drought-resistant and water-saving. It is a typical environmentally friendly crop with high economic and social benefits. In the context of constructing "Two districts of the capital", it is imperative to develop the foxtail millet industry in view of the ecological conditions of Zhangjiakou City. Based on the analysis of the development status of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City, this study pointed out the current problems in the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City, and put forward specific suggestions for the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City in the future.
Key words Foxtail millet industry; Development status; Countermeasures; Two districts of the capital; Zhangjiakou City
Received: January 4, 2021 Accepted: March 2, 2021
Supported by Fund of Zhangjiakou Association for Science and Technology.
Xiaojie LIU (1987-), female, P. R. China, agronomist, devoted to research about hybrid foxtail millet promotion.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: liuxiaojie87@126.com.
Green ecology is Zhangjiakous greatest wealth, greatest advantage, and greatest brand. When inspecting Zhangjiakou in January 2017, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that Zhangjiakou should build the capitals water conservation functional area and ecological environment support area, and explore a path for ecologically prosperous and ecologically strong cities in underdeveloped areas［1］. This positioning and requirement has pointed out the direction for the agricultural development of Zhangjiakou City［2］, and it is imperative to develop ecological agriculture and water-saving agriculture. Zhangjiakou City has less precipitation and some groundwater is over-exploited, so it is a severely water-deficient area［3］. The foxtail millet industry has good ecological benefits, and the root system of foxtail millet is developed, which leads to strong water retention capacity［4］. Foxtail millet is drought-resistant, water-saving and barren soil-tolerant, and hybrid foxtail millet is more water-saving than conventional foxtail millet. If 6 666 700 hm2 of hybrid foxtail millet is planted on non-irrigated arable land in the north, the yield will increase by 750 kg/hm2, which means that 5 billion kilograms of grain can be increased, accounting for 10% of the national plan to increase grain production by 100 billion kilograms, and it can also solve the problem of the contradiction between increasing grain production and lack of water［5］. Foxtail millet is a typical environmentally friendly crop［6］, with self-fertilizing properties, low soil fertility requirements, and it can also be planted on barren land where other crops cannot be planted, with good ecological benefits. In addition, Foxtail millet also has high nutritional value and economic benefits. The construction of the "Two districts of the capital" can promote the further development and growth of the Foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City, and the development of the Foxtail millet industry can also help the construction of the "Two districts of the capital". Development Status of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City
Overall, the Foxtail Millet industry in Zhangjiakou City has a good development prospect. Zhangjiakou City is short of water resources and has many mountains and hills, which is suitable for foxtail millet planting. According to the 2020 statistics of the Grain and Oil Section of the Municipal Agriculture and Rural Bureau, the citys foxtail millet planting area was 2.58×104 hm2, accounting for 4% of the citys total crop planting area, and the hybrid foxtail millet planting area was 1.58×104 hm2, accounting for 61% of the citys foxtail millet planting area; the average yields of foxtail millet and hybrid foxtail millet were 4 061.85 and 5 447.70 kg/hm2 respectively, and the average yield of grain crops in Zhangjiakou City was 4 167.00 kg/hm2; and the total output of foxtail millet was 104 800 tons, which accounted for 5.6% of the total crop output in Zhangjiakou City, and the total output of hybrid foxtail millet was 86 100 tons, accounting for 82.4% of the total output of foxtail millet in Zhangjiakou City. 80%-90% of the seeds circulating in the market are "Zhangzagu" hybrid foxtail millet. According to market analysis, the price of foxtail millet over the years has been a little more than twice the price of maize. After the promotion of hybrid foxtail millet, the pesticide, chemical fertilizer and artificial input of foxtail millet will be similar to that of maize. Since hybrid foxtail millet has a higher yield than conventional foxtail millet, the economic benefits of hybrid foxtail millet are naturally higher. Since hybrid foxtail millet has a higher yield than conventional foxtail millet, the economic benefits of hybrid foxtail millet are naturally higher. The "Zhangzagu" hybrid foxtail millet is the pillar of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City. In the pre-production stage, the Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences is responsible for the selection and breeding of new hybrid foxtail millet varieties, and Hebei Xuntian Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. is responsible for the promotion and sales; and the conventional seeds are mostly reserved by farmers. In the mid-production stage, Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Hebei Xuntian Technology Co., Ltd. promote "mechanical precision hole-seeding technology" of hybrid foxtail millet and "hybrid foxtail millet mechanized harvesting technology of cutting, sunning and collecting", which greatly improves the planting efficiency of hybrid foxtail millet, and combined with chemical control and weeding and thinning techniques, about 50% of growers have realized the mechanization of the whole process of "seeding, weeding, thinning, and harvesting". In the post-production stage, most foxtail millet processing is primary processing products, and there are many foxtail millet primary processing plants, and there are only 26 large-scale foxtail millet processing plants in Yu County alone. In the post-production stage, most foxtail millet processing provides primary processing products. There are many Foxtail Millet primary processing plants, and there are as many as 26 large-scale foxtail millet processing plants in Yu County alone. According to enterprise research, about 50%-60% of the foxtail millet varieties selected by the processing plants are Zhangzagu No. 13, about 40%-50% are 8311 and Dabaigu, and there are a few other varieties. Most of the foxtail millet processed products sold in the market are bagged foxtail millet, and only a small amount are deep-processed products, such as foxtail millet pancakes, foxtail millet crisp omelets, foxtail millet vinegar, foxtail millet crisps, and foxtail millet rice noodles. Most consumers still drink foxtail millet porridge, and few people eat foxtail millet rice or cook dishes with foxtail millet. Problems in the Development of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City
Lack of labor and low education level in rural areas
With the continuous development of urbanization in Zhangjiakou City, the number of peasant migrant workers continues to increase. In the three villages surveyed by our research team, 98.6% of young and middle-aged workers aged 23-50 all went out to work, and 91.2% of the farmers surveyed were over 50 years old. During the investigation of the above-mentioned middle-aged and elderly people, a village secretary stated that the 60-year-old people in the village belonged to the "young people" and "strong laborers" in the village.
Most of the population living in the countryside of Zhangjiakou City for a long time has a primary and secondary school certificate. Among the many components of productivity, the human factor is a decisive factor. The low scientific and cultural quality of farmers is a very important reason for the lag in the development of science and technology in mountainous areas. We did a farmer survey, in which when farmers were asked "Do you usually participate in professional foxtail millet training", 70.3% of the farmers surveyed responded that they did not participate in such training courses, and when they were asked about the reasons for not participating in the training courses, the farmers responded that in the slack period, most people go out to find temporary jobs to earn extra income, and those who do not go out to find temporary jobs are often unwilling to participate in training courses and are willing to gather with family or friends to play cards or mahjong.
Low mechanization of Foxtail Millet
The degree of mechanization is one of the key factors related to the large-scale planting and development of foxtail millet. Although the current mechanization of foxtail millet production is basically mature, and under the research and development and promotion by agricultural research institutions and companies, the supporting planting, management, and harvesting machinery of foxtail millet in Zhangjiakou City has been demonstrated and promoted, but the current foxtail millet machinery has a problem of high failure rate.
The foxtail millet supporting machinery currently used in Zhangjiakou City is mostly converted by small agricultural machinery manufacturers using the supporting agricultural machinery of wheat, rice, sorghum and maize, so they are not specifically developed for Foxtail millet. There are few companies on the market that specialize in the production of foxtail millet supporting machinery, and the quality of the machinery is generally lower than that of large crops such as maize. In addition, the current publicity on the maintenance of foxtail millet machinery is not enough, and farmers awareness of maintaining agricultural machinery is also poor. In the survey, only 20% of farmers maintained agricultural machinery on a regular basis, the failure rate of foxtail millet matching machinery was high, and the professional maintenance personnel were not skilled thoroughly. The high mechanization rate of foxtail millet has affected the further advancement of foxtail millet mechanization and the integration of art and machinery, and affected the healthy development of the foxtail millet industry. Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers
For the normal growth of seedlings and economic benefits, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is inevitable. However, in the current foxtail millet planting in Zhangjiakou City, foxtail millet growers often overuse chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to obtain higher yields and achieve better prevention and control of diseases and pests, which runs counter to the green and high-efficiency principle. The condition not only affects the quality of food, but also pollutes the soil, destroys the environment and is not conducive to the realization of the goal of building the "Two districts of the capital ".
Lack of deep-processed products
At present, there is a lack of leading enterprises dedicated to the development of foxtail millet deep-processing products and famous-brand products in the downstream market of Foxtail millet in Zhangjiakou City. The leading enterprises in the post-production foxtail millet processing can drive the Foxtail Millet industry production in Zhangjiakou City forward continuously. In the past few years, the development of Beizong rice wine made from Zhangzagu was very strong, but later it faced development problems due to consumers lack of eating habits and high prices. In recent years, Hebei Xuntian Technology Co., Ltd. has not only devoted itself to pre-production promotion and sales of varieties and some mid-production technical services, but also participated in and sponsored grain exchange meetings and grain trade fairs in various regions through the Zhangzagu marketing service team for three consecutive years, and actively connected with downstream transformation enterprises such as grain purchasers and foxtail millet processing plants. Despite this, the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City at this stage still lacks its own deep-processing product leading enterprises and brand products in the post-production stage.
Foxtail millet culture still needs to be further cultivated
According to the consumer questionnaire, most consumers in Zhangjiakou City still consume foxtail millet mainly for porridge, while porridge consumes less foxtail millet. If it is only used for porridge, a family of three consumes only 1.5 kg of Foxtail millet a month. It is difficult for such a small consumption to drive the development of the sub-industry of Zhangjiakou City. At present, the consumer groups of foxtail millet are mainly the elderly, patients, and pregnant women. The middle-aged and young people and children consume foxtail millet less. The survey found that when choosing nutritional rice powder for babies, 90.2% of the parents surveyed would choose rice powder, while only 5.1% of the parents surveyed would choose foxtail millet rice powder. When choosing snack foods for their children, only 19.8% of the parents surveyed would choose processed foxtail millet foods such as foxtail millet crispbread. At present, there is relatively little publicity on the nutritional content and health function of foxtail millet, and consumers have less knowledge about the nutritional value and health function of foxtail millet. According to our survey, only 0.8% of the respondents know the protein content of foxtail millet and the protein content of eggs, only 0.6% of the respondents knew that eating dry rice for a long time could stabilize blood sugar, and only 0.1% of consumers knew that the high content of tryptophan in foxtail millet could help with depression.
Xiaojie LIU. The Development Status and Countermeasures of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City Under the Background of the Constructing Two Districts of the Capital
Suggestions on the Development of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City
Cultivate new varieties of hybrid foxtail millet that cater to the market, and do a good job in the purification and rejuvenation of local cultivars
An important reason that affects whether consumers buy foxtail millet and foxtail millet products is their palatability. With the continuous improvement of peoples living standards in China, consumers have higher and higher requirements for taste. The respondents said that they do not eat foxtail millet because its taste is poor. In addition, the citys mechanization continues to improve, and foxtail millet primary processing enterprises continue to grow and develop, which requires foxtail millet breeders in the city to adapt to market needs. In addition to considering breeding goals such as high yield and resistance, we should also take cultivating new varieties of hybrid foxtail millet with good palatability, easy processing and suitable for mechanized operations as the breeding goal.
Meanwhile, in order to protect the biodiversity of Zhangjiakou City, scientific research institutions and agricultural departments should be encouraged to do a good job in purifying and rejuvenating foxtail millet local cultivars (such as Tiaohuami, Dabaigu, Heinuogu, and Xiaohonggu) to ensure abundant foxtail millet germplasm resources, maintain the stability of the citys ecosystem, and help the construction of the "Capitals two districts".
Develop rural vocational education and improve the quality of farmers
It is recommended that the county and district governments of Zhangjiakou City and the Municipal Government allocate funds each year to support agriculture-related education. On the one hand, the funds support the agricultural and animal husbandry classes in the vocational education centers of all districts and counties. For example, all students majoring in agriculture can be exempted from study expenses and given a certain amount of living allowance. It is recommended that the vocational education centers in Yu County and other foxtail millet-growing regions should set up farming classes, which take foxtail millet breeding, cultivation, and processing as teaching content. In the survey of farmers by our research team, when asked: "Are you willing to let your children receive three years of formal education in agriculture for free?", 92.2% of the farmers interviewed expressed their willingness. If the government takes this measure, it will greatly encourage farmers to send their children to receive professional education related to agriculture. On the other hand, it is recommended that the government support the free expansion of higher vocational education for farmers, so that farmers have the opportunity to receive re-education and cultivate new types of farmers. Promote soil testing and formula fertilization and scientific pesticide application techniques
Incentive policies should be formulated. It is suggested that the Science and Technology Bureau sets up topics for soil testing for formulated fertilization and scientific pesticide application, and provides financial support. We should encourage scientific research institutions and companies to select and promote a batch of highly targeted, high-tech, high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides and biological pesticides for the key targets of foxtail millet prevention and control. it is recommended that the government provide certain subsidies to farmers who adopt soil testing for formulated fertilization, high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides and biological pesticides. Special planning should be carried out for herbicides that are used in large quantities and are easily over-used. We should advocate the Bureau of Agriculture, the Academy of Agricultural Sciences and other departments to regularly train farmers on soil fertility improvement, soil testing for formulated fertilization, safe use of pesticides for disease and pest control, rational use of drugs, symptomatic selection of drugs, timely control, reasonable mixing, and advised drug dispensing.
Increase investment in research and development of supporting agricultural machinery
In view of the high failure rate of supporting machinery in foxtail millet planting, the government should increase investment in research and development and promotion of foxtail millet supporting machinery. The Science and Technology Bureau should support more foxtail millet supporting machinery research and development and promotion projects. We should encourage the Bureau of Agriculture, the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and companies to train growers on the use of agricultural machinery, and encourage farmers to maintain agricultural machinery on a regular basis to reduce the failure rate.
Develop Foxtail Millet forage industry
Foxtail millet is rich in nutrition, balanced in various components and rich in forage protein. foxtail millet straw is a high-quality forage grass. Generally, the protein content of foxtail millet straw is in the range of 3%-4%, while the content of hybrid foxtail millet is in the range of 6%-7%, and the content of vitamins and minerals is high. Its nutritional value is close to alfalfa called the "king of forage", but its yield is significantly better than that of alfalfa. The consumption of foxtail millet in Zhangjiakou City is still mainly porridge, which is consumed less. The animal husbandry in Zhangjiakou have showed the output value accounting for about 40% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery over the years, ranking second only to agriculture in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and playing a pillar role. However, in order to enrich feed, reduce ecological costs, save water, and partially replace domestic pasture and straw, and help the development of Zhangjiakou City and even Chinas animal husbandry, it is necessary to plant hybrid foxtail millet in some areas of Zhangjiakou where other forage grass cannot be planted due to low rainfall. Foxtail millet is used for food and forage, and the government guides enterprises to carry out processing and production, marketing, and promotion activities to drive the development of the hybrid foxtail millet industry through forage processing and transformation. Encourage companies to develop Foxtail Millet deep processing products
The development of "Zhangzagu" deep-processed products can broaden the sales market of foxtail millet and create necessary conditions for the long-term sustainable development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City. It is recommended that the government introduce policies such as tax reduction and exemption to actively support processing enterprises in the development of foxtail millet deep-processing products, appropriately relax loan quotas and restrictions on foxtail millet processing enterprises, shorten the procedure for processing cycles, and enable processing enterprises to obtain capital turnover in a timely manner. The Science and Technology Bureau and other science and technology management departments can set up projects related to the development of Foxtail Millet deep-processed products to promote the development of foxtail millet deep-processed products.
Cultivate Foxtail Millets consumer culture
Culture plays a key role in the success or failure of industrial development. The global development of KFC and McDonalds is inseparable from the support of fast food culture. The formation of culture is not a matter of overnight, nor the result of one partys efforts. To cultivate Foxtail Millets consumer culture, all sectors of society must work together to achieve success.
It is recommended to cultivate foxtail millets consumer culture in the future from the following aspects:
① In areas with a long history of foxtail millet planting in Zhangjiakou City, there are often allusions about foxtail millet, and it is recommended that the cultural and publicity departments at all levels in Zhangjiakou City excavate and promote these allusions in a variety of ways such as documentaries, TV shorts, and official accounts to help modern enterprises marketing plans.
② It is recommended that the municipal government includes the foxtail millet diet into the Nutrition Plan for Residents of Zhangjiakou City and the Nutrition Guide for Student Meals to guide the residents of Zhangjiakou City to eat more Foxtail Millet food.
③ The hope of the foxtail millet industry lies in the next generation. Only by cultivating the foxtail millet culture from an early age can we fundamentally drive the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City. It is recommended that the education department of Zhangjiakou City writes the folklore stories, nutritional value, and health benefits of foxtail millet into the local textbooks. Teachers should take the education of foxtail millet culture as an important content of local education to cultivate students awareness of foxtail millet culture from an early age. The school actively guides parents to take "food education" as an important part of educating children in addition to "moral, intelligence, physical education, art and labor". Healthy diet is the basis for healthy development of people, and foxtail millet diet is part of "food education". ④ It is recommended that relevant government functional departments and enterprises use the online live broadcast platform popular with young people to invite internet celebrities and celebrities to experience the whole process of foxtail millet seeding, field management, harvesting, and processing, and conduct online live broadcasts to promote foxtail millet in an all-round way, so as to deepen young peoples understanding of foxtail millet and create the consumption atmosphere and culture of foxtail millet.
⑤ It is recommended that companies conduct promotional activities such as publicity and tasting of foxtail millet products in shopping malls and supermarkets during important holidays (such as Mid-Autumn Festival, Spring Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Womens Day, Childrens Day) to raise product awareness with the theme of caring for women, children, and the elderly.
⑥ It is recommended that local tourism bureaus combine the promotion of foxtail millet culture with tourism and develop "foxtail millet tourism". For example, Yu County, relying on the profound cultural heritage of Nuanquan Ancient Town, has made every effort to build a "Gumi Town in Yu County", forming a new "Gumi Culture" integrating Gumi Square, Gumi Inn, Damofang, and Gumi Farmhouse. The third foxtail millet Festival of the 2020 Zhangjiakou Chinese Farmers Harvest Festival was held in Zifangkou Village, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, when related companies displayed their foxtail millet processing products in the event, and many tourists participated in this event. The event promoted foxtail millet culture and promoted the development of the foxtail millet industry.
Only through the joint efforts of scientific research institutions, enterprises, the government, and the Association for Science and Technology can we cultivate a foxtail millet consumer culture. For example, in the process of completing the subject of the Association for Science and Technology, through questionnaires, questions such as "Did you know that foxtail millet rice can replace whole-grain bread slices as a breakfast during the weight loss period?", "Do you know that eating foxtail millet for a long time can stabilize blood sugar?", "Do you know that the protein content of foxtail millet is comparable to that of eggs?", and "Do you know that foxtail millet soup can alleviate a hangover?" were designed to enlighten consumers, let consumers understand the health effects of foxtail millet products and thus accept more foxtail millet products, let consumer demand drive industrial development, form an "internal driving force" for industrial development, and help Zhangjiakou Citys foxtail millet industrial development. References
［1］ ZHANG Y. Ecological co-governance and sharing promote the green development of the "two districts" of the capital and the northern wing of Hebei［J］. Economy and Management, 2019(6): 16-19. (in Chinese)
［2］ Zhangjiakou Citys "Two districts construction" explores the road to a strong ecological city［EB/OL］. https://zjk.focus.cn. (in Chinese)
［3］ JIANG B, WONG CP, LU F, et al. Drivers of drying on the Yongding River in Beijing［J］. Journal of Hydrology, 2014(519): 69-79.
［4］ JIANG JW, LIU MY, DONG BD. Water use efficiency and water-saving technologies of Foxtail Millet and hybrids［J］. Water Saving Irrigation, 2013(10): 63-70. (in Chinese)
［5］ NPC deputy Zhao Zhihai: Supporting the promotion of hybrid Foxtail Millet［EB/OL］.http: //www.chinadaily.com.cn／hqgj／jryw／2013-03-08／content＿8444284.ht-ml.(in Chinese)
［6］ DIAO XM. Chinas foxtail millet industry and its future development//DIAO XM. China foxtail millet industry and industrial technology system［M］. Beijing: China Agriculture Science and Technique Press, 2011. (in Chinese)
Key words Foxtail millet industry; Development status; Countermeasures; Two districts of the capital; Zhangjiakou City
Received: January 4, 2021 Accepted: March 2, 2021
Supported by Fund of Zhangjiakou Association for Science and Technology.
Xiaojie LIU (1987-), female, P. R. China, agronomist, devoted to research about hybrid foxtail millet promotion.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: liuxiaojie87@126.com.
Green ecology is Zhangjiakous greatest wealth, greatest advantage, and greatest brand. When inspecting Zhangjiakou in January 2017, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that Zhangjiakou should build the capitals water conservation functional area and ecological environment support area, and explore a path for ecologically prosperous and ecologically strong cities in underdeveloped areas［1］. This positioning and requirement has pointed out the direction for the agricultural development of Zhangjiakou City［2］, and it is imperative to develop ecological agriculture and water-saving agriculture. Zhangjiakou City has less precipitation and some groundwater is over-exploited, so it is a severely water-deficient area［3］. The foxtail millet industry has good ecological benefits, and the root system of foxtail millet is developed, which leads to strong water retention capacity［4］. Foxtail millet is drought-resistant, water-saving and barren soil-tolerant, and hybrid foxtail millet is more water-saving than conventional foxtail millet. If 6 666 700 hm2 of hybrid foxtail millet is planted on non-irrigated arable land in the north, the yield will increase by 750 kg/hm2, which means that 5 billion kilograms of grain can be increased, accounting for 10% of the national plan to increase grain production by 100 billion kilograms, and it can also solve the problem of the contradiction between increasing grain production and lack of water［5］. Foxtail millet is a typical environmentally friendly crop［6］, with self-fertilizing properties, low soil fertility requirements, and it can also be planted on barren land where other crops cannot be planted, with good ecological benefits. In addition, Foxtail millet also has high nutritional value and economic benefits. The construction of the "Two districts of the capital" can promote the further development and growth of the Foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City, and the development of the Foxtail millet industry can also help the construction of the "Two districts of the capital". Development Status of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City
Overall, the Foxtail Millet industry in Zhangjiakou City has a good development prospect. Zhangjiakou City is short of water resources and has many mountains and hills, which is suitable for foxtail millet planting. According to the 2020 statistics of the Grain and Oil Section of the Municipal Agriculture and Rural Bureau, the citys foxtail millet planting area was 2.58×104 hm2, accounting for 4% of the citys total crop planting area, and the hybrid foxtail millet planting area was 1.58×104 hm2, accounting for 61% of the citys foxtail millet planting area; the average yields of foxtail millet and hybrid foxtail millet were 4 061.85 and 5 447.70 kg/hm2 respectively, and the average yield of grain crops in Zhangjiakou City was 4 167.00 kg/hm2; and the total output of foxtail millet was 104 800 tons, which accounted for 5.6% of the total crop output in Zhangjiakou City, and the total output of hybrid foxtail millet was 86 100 tons, accounting for 82.4% of the total output of foxtail millet in Zhangjiakou City. 80%-90% of the seeds circulating in the market are "Zhangzagu" hybrid foxtail millet. According to market analysis, the price of foxtail millet over the years has been a little more than twice the price of maize. After the promotion of hybrid foxtail millet, the pesticide, chemical fertilizer and artificial input of foxtail millet will be similar to that of maize. Since hybrid foxtail millet has a higher yield than conventional foxtail millet, the economic benefits of hybrid foxtail millet are naturally higher. Since hybrid foxtail millet has a higher yield than conventional foxtail millet, the economic benefits of hybrid foxtail millet are naturally higher. The "Zhangzagu" hybrid foxtail millet is the pillar of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City. In the pre-production stage, the Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences is responsible for the selection and breeding of new hybrid foxtail millet varieties, and Hebei Xuntian Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. is responsible for the promotion and sales; and the conventional seeds are mostly reserved by farmers. In the mid-production stage, Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Hebei Xuntian Technology Co., Ltd. promote "mechanical precision hole-seeding technology" of hybrid foxtail millet and "hybrid foxtail millet mechanized harvesting technology of cutting, sunning and collecting", which greatly improves the planting efficiency of hybrid foxtail millet, and combined with chemical control and weeding and thinning techniques, about 50% of growers have realized the mechanization of the whole process of "seeding, weeding, thinning, and harvesting". In the post-production stage, most foxtail millet processing is primary processing products, and there are many foxtail millet primary processing plants, and there are only 26 large-scale foxtail millet processing plants in Yu County alone. In the post-production stage, most foxtail millet processing provides primary processing products. There are many Foxtail Millet primary processing plants, and there are as many as 26 large-scale foxtail millet processing plants in Yu County alone. According to enterprise research, about 50%-60% of the foxtail millet varieties selected by the processing plants are Zhangzagu No. 13, about 40%-50% are 8311 and Dabaigu, and there are a few other varieties. Most of the foxtail millet processed products sold in the market are bagged foxtail millet, and only a small amount are deep-processed products, such as foxtail millet pancakes, foxtail millet crisp omelets, foxtail millet vinegar, foxtail millet crisps, and foxtail millet rice noodles. Most consumers still drink foxtail millet porridge, and few people eat foxtail millet rice or cook dishes with foxtail millet. Problems in the Development of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City
Lack of labor and low education level in rural areas
With the continuous development of urbanization in Zhangjiakou City, the number of peasant migrant workers continues to increase. In the three villages surveyed by our research team, 98.6% of young and middle-aged workers aged 23-50 all went out to work, and 91.2% of the farmers surveyed were over 50 years old. During the investigation of the above-mentioned middle-aged and elderly people, a village secretary stated that the 60-year-old people in the village belonged to the "young people" and "strong laborers" in the village.
Most of the population living in the countryside of Zhangjiakou City for a long time has a primary and secondary school certificate. Among the many components of productivity, the human factor is a decisive factor. The low scientific and cultural quality of farmers is a very important reason for the lag in the development of science and technology in mountainous areas. We did a farmer survey, in which when farmers were asked "Do you usually participate in professional foxtail millet training", 70.3% of the farmers surveyed responded that they did not participate in such training courses, and when they were asked about the reasons for not participating in the training courses, the farmers responded that in the slack period, most people go out to find temporary jobs to earn extra income, and those who do not go out to find temporary jobs are often unwilling to participate in training courses and are willing to gather with family or friends to play cards or mahjong.
Low mechanization of Foxtail Millet
The degree of mechanization is one of the key factors related to the large-scale planting and development of foxtail millet. Although the current mechanization of foxtail millet production is basically mature, and under the research and development and promotion by agricultural research institutions and companies, the supporting planting, management, and harvesting machinery of foxtail millet in Zhangjiakou City has been demonstrated and promoted, but the current foxtail millet machinery has a problem of high failure rate.
The foxtail millet supporting machinery currently used in Zhangjiakou City is mostly converted by small agricultural machinery manufacturers using the supporting agricultural machinery of wheat, rice, sorghum and maize, so they are not specifically developed for Foxtail millet. There are few companies on the market that specialize in the production of foxtail millet supporting machinery, and the quality of the machinery is generally lower than that of large crops such as maize. In addition, the current publicity on the maintenance of foxtail millet machinery is not enough, and farmers awareness of maintaining agricultural machinery is also poor. In the survey, only 20% of farmers maintained agricultural machinery on a regular basis, the failure rate of foxtail millet matching machinery was high, and the professional maintenance personnel were not skilled thoroughly. The high mechanization rate of foxtail millet has affected the further advancement of foxtail millet mechanization and the integration of art and machinery, and affected the healthy development of the foxtail millet industry. Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers
For the normal growth of seedlings and economic benefits, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is inevitable. However, in the current foxtail millet planting in Zhangjiakou City, foxtail millet growers often overuse chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to obtain higher yields and achieve better prevention and control of diseases and pests, which runs counter to the green and high-efficiency principle. The condition not only affects the quality of food, but also pollutes the soil, destroys the environment and is not conducive to the realization of the goal of building the "Two districts of the capital ".
Lack of deep-processed products
At present, there is a lack of leading enterprises dedicated to the development of foxtail millet deep-processing products and famous-brand products in the downstream market of Foxtail millet in Zhangjiakou City. The leading enterprises in the post-production foxtail millet processing can drive the Foxtail Millet industry production in Zhangjiakou City forward continuously. In the past few years, the development of Beizong rice wine made from Zhangzagu was very strong, but later it faced development problems due to consumers lack of eating habits and high prices. In recent years, Hebei Xuntian Technology Co., Ltd. has not only devoted itself to pre-production promotion and sales of varieties and some mid-production technical services, but also participated in and sponsored grain exchange meetings and grain trade fairs in various regions through the Zhangzagu marketing service team for three consecutive years, and actively connected with downstream transformation enterprises such as grain purchasers and foxtail millet processing plants. Despite this, the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City at this stage still lacks its own deep-processing product leading enterprises and brand products in the post-production stage.
Foxtail millet culture still needs to be further cultivated
According to the consumer questionnaire, most consumers in Zhangjiakou City still consume foxtail millet mainly for porridge, while porridge consumes less foxtail millet. If it is only used for porridge, a family of three consumes only 1.5 kg of Foxtail millet a month. It is difficult for such a small consumption to drive the development of the sub-industry of Zhangjiakou City. At present, the consumer groups of foxtail millet are mainly the elderly, patients, and pregnant women. The middle-aged and young people and children consume foxtail millet less. The survey found that when choosing nutritional rice powder for babies, 90.2% of the parents surveyed would choose rice powder, while only 5.1% of the parents surveyed would choose foxtail millet rice powder. When choosing snack foods for their children, only 19.8% of the parents surveyed would choose processed foxtail millet foods such as foxtail millet crispbread. At present, there is relatively little publicity on the nutritional content and health function of foxtail millet, and consumers have less knowledge about the nutritional value and health function of foxtail millet. According to our survey, only 0.8% of the respondents know the protein content of foxtail millet and the protein content of eggs, only 0.6% of the respondents knew that eating dry rice for a long time could stabilize blood sugar, and only 0.1% of consumers knew that the high content of tryptophan in foxtail millet could help with depression.
Xiaojie LIU. The Development Status and Countermeasures of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City Under the Background of the Constructing Two Districts of the Capital
Suggestions on the Development of Foxtail Millet Industry in Zhangjiakou City
Cultivate new varieties of hybrid foxtail millet that cater to the market, and do a good job in the purification and rejuvenation of local cultivars
An important reason that affects whether consumers buy foxtail millet and foxtail millet products is their palatability. With the continuous improvement of peoples living standards in China, consumers have higher and higher requirements for taste. The respondents said that they do not eat foxtail millet because its taste is poor. In addition, the citys mechanization continues to improve, and foxtail millet primary processing enterprises continue to grow and develop, which requires foxtail millet breeders in the city to adapt to market needs. In addition to considering breeding goals such as high yield and resistance, we should also take cultivating new varieties of hybrid foxtail millet with good palatability, easy processing and suitable for mechanized operations as the breeding goal.
Meanwhile, in order to protect the biodiversity of Zhangjiakou City, scientific research institutions and agricultural departments should be encouraged to do a good job in purifying and rejuvenating foxtail millet local cultivars (such as Tiaohuami, Dabaigu, Heinuogu, and Xiaohonggu) to ensure abundant foxtail millet germplasm resources, maintain the stability of the citys ecosystem, and help the construction of the "Capitals two districts".
Develop rural vocational education and improve the quality of farmers
It is recommended that the county and district governments of Zhangjiakou City and the Municipal Government allocate funds each year to support agriculture-related education. On the one hand, the funds support the agricultural and animal husbandry classes in the vocational education centers of all districts and counties. For example, all students majoring in agriculture can be exempted from study expenses and given a certain amount of living allowance. It is recommended that the vocational education centers in Yu County and other foxtail millet-growing regions should set up farming classes, which take foxtail millet breeding, cultivation, and processing as teaching content. In the survey of farmers by our research team, when asked: "Are you willing to let your children receive three years of formal education in agriculture for free?", 92.2% of the farmers interviewed expressed their willingness. If the government takes this measure, it will greatly encourage farmers to send their children to receive professional education related to agriculture. On the other hand, it is recommended that the government support the free expansion of higher vocational education for farmers, so that farmers have the opportunity to receive re-education and cultivate new types of farmers. Promote soil testing and formula fertilization and scientific pesticide application techniques
Incentive policies should be formulated. It is suggested that the Science and Technology Bureau sets up topics for soil testing for formulated fertilization and scientific pesticide application, and provides financial support. We should encourage scientific research institutions and companies to select and promote a batch of highly targeted, high-tech, high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides and biological pesticides for the key targets of foxtail millet prevention and control. it is recommended that the government provide certain subsidies to farmers who adopt soil testing for formulated fertilization, high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides and biological pesticides. Special planning should be carried out for herbicides that are used in large quantities and are easily over-used. We should advocate the Bureau of Agriculture, the Academy of Agricultural Sciences and other departments to regularly train farmers on soil fertility improvement, soil testing for formulated fertilization, safe use of pesticides for disease and pest control, rational use of drugs, symptomatic selection of drugs, timely control, reasonable mixing, and advised drug dispensing.
Increase investment in research and development of supporting agricultural machinery
In view of the high failure rate of supporting machinery in foxtail millet planting, the government should increase investment in research and development and promotion of foxtail millet supporting machinery. The Science and Technology Bureau should support more foxtail millet supporting machinery research and development and promotion projects. We should encourage the Bureau of Agriculture, the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and companies to train growers on the use of agricultural machinery, and encourage farmers to maintain agricultural machinery on a regular basis to reduce the failure rate.
Develop Foxtail Millet forage industry
Foxtail millet is rich in nutrition, balanced in various components and rich in forage protein. foxtail millet straw is a high-quality forage grass. Generally, the protein content of foxtail millet straw is in the range of 3%-4%, while the content of hybrid foxtail millet is in the range of 6%-7%, and the content of vitamins and minerals is high. Its nutritional value is close to alfalfa called the "king of forage", but its yield is significantly better than that of alfalfa. The consumption of foxtail millet in Zhangjiakou City is still mainly porridge, which is consumed less. The animal husbandry in Zhangjiakou have showed the output value accounting for about 40% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery over the years, ranking second only to agriculture in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and playing a pillar role. However, in order to enrich feed, reduce ecological costs, save water, and partially replace domestic pasture and straw, and help the development of Zhangjiakou City and even Chinas animal husbandry, it is necessary to plant hybrid foxtail millet in some areas of Zhangjiakou where other forage grass cannot be planted due to low rainfall. Foxtail millet is used for food and forage, and the government guides enterprises to carry out processing and production, marketing, and promotion activities to drive the development of the hybrid foxtail millet industry through forage processing and transformation. Encourage companies to develop Foxtail Millet deep processing products
The development of "Zhangzagu" deep-processed products can broaden the sales market of foxtail millet and create necessary conditions for the long-term sustainable development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City. It is recommended that the government introduce policies such as tax reduction and exemption to actively support processing enterprises in the development of foxtail millet deep-processing products, appropriately relax loan quotas and restrictions on foxtail millet processing enterprises, shorten the procedure for processing cycles, and enable processing enterprises to obtain capital turnover in a timely manner. The Science and Technology Bureau and other science and technology management departments can set up projects related to the development of Foxtail Millet deep-processed products to promote the development of foxtail millet deep-processed products.
Cultivate Foxtail Millets consumer culture
Culture plays a key role in the success or failure of industrial development. The global development of KFC and McDonalds is inseparable from the support of fast food culture. The formation of culture is not a matter of overnight, nor the result of one partys efforts. To cultivate Foxtail Millets consumer culture, all sectors of society must work together to achieve success.
It is recommended to cultivate foxtail millets consumer culture in the future from the following aspects:
① In areas with a long history of foxtail millet planting in Zhangjiakou City, there are often allusions about foxtail millet, and it is recommended that the cultural and publicity departments at all levels in Zhangjiakou City excavate and promote these allusions in a variety of ways such as documentaries, TV shorts, and official accounts to help modern enterprises marketing plans.
② It is recommended that the municipal government includes the foxtail millet diet into the Nutrition Plan for Residents of Zhangjiakou City and the Nutrition Guide for Student Meals to guide the residents of Zhangjiakou City to eat more Foxtail Millet food.
③ The hope of the foxtail millet industry lies in the next generation. Only by cultivating the foxtail millet culture from an early age can we fundamentally drive the development of the foxtail millet industry in Zhangjiakou City. It is recommended that the education department of Zhangjiakou City writes the folklore stories, nutritional value, and health benefits of foxtail millet into the local textbooks. Teachers should take the education of foxtail millet culture as an important content of local education to cultivate students awareness of foxtail millet culture from an early age. The school actively guides parents to take "food education" as an important part of educating children in addition to "moral, intelligence, physical education, art and labor". Healthy diet is the basis for healthy development of people, and foxtail millet diet is part of "food education". ④ It is recommended that relevant government functional departments and enterprises use the online live broadcast platform popular with young people to invite internet celebrities and celebrities to experience the whole process of foxtail millet seeding, field management, harvesting, and processing, and conduct online live broadcasts to promote foxtail millet in an all-round way, so as to deepen young peoples understanding of foxtail millet and create the consumption atmosphere and culture of foxtail millet.
⑤ It is recommended that companies conduct promotional activities such as publicity and tasting of foxtail millet products in shopping malls and supermarkets during important holidays (such as Mid-Autumn Festival, Spring Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Womens Day, Childrens Day) to raise product awareness with the theme of caring for women, children, and the elderly.
⑥ It is recommended that local tourism bureaus combine the promotion of foxtail millet culture with tourism and develop "foxtail millet tourism". For example, Yu County, relying on the profound cultural heritage of Nuanquan Ancient Town, has made every effort to build a "Gumi Town in Yu County", forming a new "Gumi Culture" integrating Gumi Square, Gumi Inn, Damofang, and Gumi Farmhouse. The third foxtail millet Festival of the 2020 Zhangjiakou Chinese Farmers Harvest Festival was held in Zifangkou Village, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, when related companies displayed their foxtail millet processing products in the event, and many tourists participated in this event. The event promoted foxtail millet culture and promoted the development of the foxtail millet industry.
Only through the joint efforts of scientific research institutions, enterprises, the government, and the Association for Science and Technology can we cultivate a foxtail millet consumer culture. For example, in the process of completing the subject of the Association for Science and Technology, through questionnaires, questions such as "Did you know that foxtail millet rice can replace whole-grain bread slices as a breakfast during the weight loss period?", "Do you know that eating foxtail millet for a long time can stabilize blood sugar?", "Do you know that the protein content of foxtail millet is comparable to that of eggs?", and "Do you know that foxtail millet soup can alleviate a hangover?" were designed to enlighten consumers, let consumers understand the health effects of foxtail millet products and thus accept more foxtail millet products, let consumer demand drive industrial development, form an "internal driving force" for industrial development, and help Zhangjiakou Citys foxtail millet industrial development. References
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