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绪言创建明帝国的太祖洪武帝认为,历代王朝衰败和灭亡的根本原因,在于帝权的软弱,故而废除了丞相制。他在将以六部为首的中央和地方的主要机构归属皇帝的同时,又分散所有妨害行施皇帝权的因素。如此,为了强化君主权,他断然进行了一大改革。但是,现实政治并不以个人的意志为转移。太祖废止丞相制以强化君主绝对体制,然在出现幼冲或无能的君主之时,诸多矛盾相继而生,任何一个体制经过一定的时间便起政治及社会经济的种种变化,致使旧制度失去应付新形势的弹性。一旦处于这种状况,就出现旧制度和思想的多端矛盾。因此,对改革理所当然要提出批判性反省,并随之产生新的政治理念。在明代后期,为牵制君主权的政治理论,即分权露出苗头,其原因也在这里。
Introduction Hongwu Emperor Taizu, who founded the Ming Empire, believes that the fundamental reason for the decline and demise of dynasties lies in the weakness of the sovereignty and the abolition of the prime minister system. While attributed the main organs of the central and local governments headed by six to the emperor, he dispersed all the factors that hindered the exercise of the emperor’s power. So, in order to strengthen the sovereignty, he categorically made a major reform. However, real politics does not depend on individual will. Taizu abolishes the system of prime minister to strengthen the absolute monarchy system. However, when there are young kin or incompetent monarchies, many contradictions come forth one after another. Any one of them will undergo political and social economic changes after a certain period of time, resulting in the loss of the old system Meet the flexibility of the new situation. Once in this state, there are many contradictions in the old system and thinking. Therefore, it is only natural that we should make a critical review of the reform and subsequently generate new political concepts. In the latter part of the Ming Dynasty, the reason for the political theory that contained monarchy, that is, the decentralization of power, was also present here.