西方近代政治哲学主要是从人性的角度,对平等权的合法性作辩护。马克思对平等权的质疑,既包含对平等权这一人权本身的批评,也包含对平等权之人学基础的批评。正是在这种质疑中,马克思依据自身关于“人”的理解,提出了关于平等权的看法。这些看法可分为两个层次:一是以市民社会与国家关系为线索,强调平等权只是人权而非公民权,指出平等权必然面临的理论上的平等与现实上的不平等的内在矛盾;二是以市民社会的内在结构为线索,指出物化劳动必然导致劳动者的平均化以及由此带来的平等权的同一化趋势。 Modern Western political philosophy mainly defends the legitimacy of equal rights from the perspective of human nature. Marx’s questioning of the right to equality includes both the criticism of the human right itself, such as the right to equality, as well as the criticism of the human basis of equality. It is in this question that Marx put forward his view on equal rights based on his own understanding of “people ”. These views can be divided into two levels: First, clues to the relationship between civil society and the state, emphasizing that the right to equality is only human rights rather than citizenship, pointing out the inherent contradiction between the theoretical equality and the real inequality that the right of equality must face; It takes the internal structure of civil society as a clue, pointing out that the materialized labor inevitably leads to the equalization of laborers and the consequent tendency towards the equalization of rights.