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重症患者中，急性呼吸衰竭者比例高，初期可经喉插管置入气管保证换气，如需要长期使用呼吸器，推荐行气管切开术。随着医疗技术的发展与进步，为了患者的安全及保证医疗效率，经皮气管切开术得到发展。研究表明，与传统外科气管切开术相比，经皮气管切开术的并发症及手术相关病死率低。经皮气管切开术可直接在患者床边进行，提高效率。现就经皮气管切开术的发展史，执行步骤、适应证、禁忌证、相关并发症及与传统气管切开术的比较等进行综述。“,”Patients with acute respiratory failure account for the majority of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit.Initial intubation with an endotracheal tube through the larynx resolves acute respiratory failure.However, if long-term ventilator dependence is required, the tracheostomy is necessary.With the development of medical technology with regards to patient safety,research has continued on more effective and simple methods.One such method is percutaneous tracheostomy,which can be performed directly at the patient′s bedside which greatly improves efficiency with lower complication and mortality rate .Here is to make a review of the development, steps, indications, contraindications, and complications of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy,and comparison to the traditional tracheostomy.