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本文试图对马的骑乘与游牧文明的起源这个论题进行初步探讨。全文分三部分:①马的进化与驯养,据考古资料作出综述。②马具与马的骑乘,以考古资料为主,结合文献资料,主要讨论古代人类控驭马的关键工具——马衔的发明和使用,并连带涉及马鞍和马镫。③论述马的骑乘与游牧文明起源的关系。随着马的骑乘的产生和传播,在欧亚大陆北部草原上出现了一个又一个骑马民族,其中有的创造出灿烂的游牧文明。在早期游牧文明中,一般视为原生文明的三要素,仅青铜器这一要素是同样存在的,城市这个要素或者不存在或者规模较小且发展不充分,而文字这个要素则并不存在;如果把游牧文明看作是次生文明的一种类型,那么在草原诸游牧文明形成过程中,马的骑乘无疑有着至为关键的意义。
This article attempts to discuss the horse riding and the origin of nomadic civilization. The full text is divided into three parts: ① horse evolution and domestication, according to archaeological data to make a summary. ② The riding of equestrian equipment and horses is based on archeological materials. In combination with the literature, it mainly discusses the invention and use of the title of horse, the key tool used by ancient humans to control horses, and involves the saddles and stirrups. ③ discusses the horse riding and the relationship between the origin of nomadic civilization. With the horse's riding and the emergence and spread of the grasslands in northern Eurasia appeared one after another horse race, some of which create splendid nomadic civilization. In early nomadic civilization, it was generally regarded as the three elements of native civilization. Only the bronze element existed in the same way. The element of city did not exist or was small and underdeveloped, but the element of writing did not exist. If Nomadic civilization as a secondary civilization, a type of nomadic civilization in the grassland formation process, horse riding undoubtedly has the most crucial significance.