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■用法诠释
连词是一种虚词,它不能独立充当句子成分,而只能连接单词、短语、句子或者从句,起的是“穿针引线”的作用。
连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词两大种类。现结合2018年各地中考试题,谈谈运用连词时的易错点。
一、并列连词
并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语或句子。最常用的并列连词有“独身型”的and、 but、or、so和“伙伴型”的both...and、 either...or、neither ... nor、not only... but also等。其中极易出错的有以下这些:
1.and与but
考查并列连词的试题常以and、but、so、or作为选项。and通常用于表示对前面意思的“对应延续”,而but则表示前面意思的“转折”,因此解题时必须仔细推敲前后句意,否则就会误选and或but。例如:
我想要买一台电脑,可没有足够的钱。
I want to buy a computer, and I don?蒺t have enough money. (×)
I want to buy a computer, but I don?蒺t have enough money. (√)
2.and与or
“祈使句 and 陈述句”与“祈使句 or 陈述句”的用法辨异,是近几年来出现最频繁的连词考点之一。在这两种句型中,“and 陈述句”表示前面祈使句的“对应结果”,而“or 陈述句”则表示前面祈使句的“相反结果”,即“否则就会……”。因此解题时,必须依照其中祈使句和陈述句表达的对应含义来判断是填and还是填or。例如:
努力学习,你会取得更大的进步。
Work harder, or you will make greater progress. (×)
Work harder, and you will make greater progress. (√)
快点,否则你会上学迟到。
Hurry up, or you will be late for school. (√)
3.so
so连接的句子表示结果。注意:表示因果关系时,“一山不容二虎”。即同一句中用了so就不能再用because。同样,用了because也不能再用so。例如:
因为她喜欢鸡肉,所以她经常吃。
Because she likes chicken, so she eats it very often. (×)
Because she likes chicken, she eats it very often. (√)
She likes chicken, so she eats it very often. (√)
4.both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only ...but also
辨别both...and, either...or, neither...nor和not only ...but also的用法时,我们不但要注意它们自身的含义和句意,还要注意句中谓语的表达形式。
both...and意为“两个都……”,句子的谓语要用复数形式。例如:
约翰和彼得正在操场上玩。
Both John and Peter is playing on the playground. (×)
Both John and Peter are playing on the playground. (√)
either...or意为“或者……或者……”,句子的谓语依据or后面的主语而定。例如:
明天我或者你去那里。
Either you or I are going there tomorrow. (×)
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. (√)
neither...nor...意為“……和……都不”或者“既不……也不……”。通常连接两个对等的成分,用于否定两者。连接主语时,句中的谓语通常与nor连接的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如:
Neither he nor his younger brother is at home today.今天他和他弟弟都不在家。
not only...but also各引导一个主语时,句子的谓语通常依据but also后面的主语而定;not only...but also各引导一个句子时,not only所在的句子要用倒装语序。例如:
不但学生而且他们的老师也喜欢那部影片。
Not only the students but also their teacher are enjoying the film. (×)
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. (√)
二、从属连词
从属连词用来引导名词性从句和状语从句。连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素。
英语的从属连词较多,有表示假设的if和unless,有表示让步的though和although,有表示原因的because, as, why,有表示时间的when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as。另外还有表示目的的so that,表示结果的so、so that等。
在中考英语试题中,考点主要围绕表示“假设、让步、原因、时间”的连词来设置,其中极易出错的有以下这些:
1.if与unless
if和unless都可用来引导条件状语从句。if表示“如果”,与主句形成“正向假设”关系;unless表示“如果不;除非”,相當于if not,与主句形成“反向假设”关系。解答含if和unless用法的试题,易错点在于能否准确理解从句与主句之间的逻辑关系。例如:
如果你不抓紧,就会错过最近的火车。
You will miss the last bus if you hurry up. (×)
You will miss the last bus unless you hurry up. (√)
You will miss the last bus if you don?蒺t hurry up. (√)
2.though / although
though / although连接的句子表示让步概念。汉语中我们可以说“虽然……但是……”,但在英语中不行,though / although和but也是“一山不容二虎”。即同一句中用了though / although就不能再用but。同样,用了but也不能再用though / although。例如:
虽然他退休了,但是他还努力工作。
Though / Although he has been retired, but he still works hard. (×)
Though / Although he has been retired, he still works hard. (√)
He has been retired, but he still works hard. (√) 3.because与 because of
解答考查“原因”的试题时,because的最大干扰项是because of。because属连词,引导的是从句,而because of是介词短语,后面接的是短语而不是句子。解答这类题关键是看所接的是句子还是短语。
因为那里没有水,所以他非常渴。
He was very thirsty because of there was no water there. (×)
He was very thirsty because there was no water there. (√)
4.until与before
在考查until用法的单项选择题中,常以before作为干扰项。尤其是表示“在……之前”时,考生在until 和before 两个选项中极易出错。解答这类试题时,应特别注意until的两种含义:一是until与延续性或状态性动词连用时表示“直到……”,二是until与瞬间动词连用时表示“在……之前(不要…… / 没有……)”,此时,主句的谓语是否定式或句子含有否定概念。例如:
迈克直到爸爸回来才去睡觉。
Mike went to bed until his father came back. (×)
Mike didn?蒺t go to bed until his father came back. (√)
■真题链接
1.China is getting more and more independent of western technology, it is leading in many fields, such as the self?鄄driving car industry.
【2018·广东中考题】
A./ B.or C. but D. and
2.Peter spent half a day fishing by the river,
he didn?蒺t catch anything.
【2018·上海中考题】
A.so B.or C. for D. but
3.Be patient !Give him more time, he will find the answer to the question on his own.
【2018·泰州中考题】
A.but B.or C. and D. so
4. Anna her brother like listening to soft music.
【2018·青岛中考题】
A.Both; and B.Neither; nor
C. Either; or D.Not only; but also
5.—Why don?蒺t you get used to the life in Beijing?
— the crowded traffic the high living cost. The only reason is the badly polluted air.
【2018·达州中考题】
A.Not only; but also B.Either; or
C.Both; and D.Neither; nor
6.—Which show do you prefer, Running Man or The Reader? —The Reader, of course I my brother likes it.
【2018·黄冈中考题】
A.Both; and B.Neither; nor
C. Either; or D. Not only; but also
7. his right hand was hurt, he wrote slowly.
【2018·涼山中考题】
A.Because;so B.Because; /
C. Although; but D. Although; /
8.—It has been much easier for me to go to work shared bikes appeared.
—But they also caused plenty of problems.
【2018·宜昌中考题】
A.since B.before C.unless D.though
9.Don?蒺t forget to wash your hands you have meals.
【2011·临沂中考题】
A.before B.until C. though D.unless
10.In summer, food will go bad quickly we put it into a fridge.
【2018·兰州中考题】
A.if B.unless
C.as soon as D. while
11.Every day, he gets up early he can catch the first bus.
【2017·六盘水中考题】
A.because B.since
C.when D.so that
12.Many people like pandas they are cute.
【2018·北京中考题】
A.though B.if
C.while D.because
13.Bob, dinner is ready. Please wash your hands you eat.
【2018·河北中考题】
A.until B.after C. while D. before
14.—Learning to love is like learning to walk.
—Yes, we step out bravely, we?蒺ll find it?蒺s not so difficult.
【2018·眉山中考题】
A.as if B.even though
C.as long as D.as far as
15.—Can students go online during lessons?
—They can it is for that lesson.
【2018·江西中考题】
A.if B.or C. so D. but
(答案见第64页)
连词是一种虚词,它不能独立充当句子成分,而只能连接单词、短语、句子或者从句,起的是“穿针引线”的作用。
连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词两大种类。现结合2018年各地中考试题,谈谈运用连词时的易错点。
一、并列连词
并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语或句子。最常用的并列连词有“独身型”的and、 but、or、so和“伙伴型”的both...and、 either...or、neither ... nor、not only... but also等。其中极易出错的有以下这些:
1.and与but
考查并列连词的试题常以and、but、so、or作为选项。and通常用于表示对前面意思的“对应延续”,而but则表示前面意思的“转折”,因此解题时必须仔细推敲前后句意,否则就会误选and或but。例如:
我想要买一台电脑,可没有足够的钱。
I want to buy a computer, and I don?蒺t have enough money. (×)
I want to buy a computer, but I don?蒺t have enough money. (√)
2.and与or
“祈使句 and 陈述句”与“祈使句 or 陈述句”的用法辨异,是近几年来出现最频繁的连词考点之一。在这两种句型中,“and 陈述句”表示前面祈使句的“对应结果”,而“or 陈述句”则表示前面祈使句的“相反结果”,即“否则就会……”。因此解题时,必须依照其中祈使句和陈述句表达的对应含义来判断是填and还是填or。例如:
努力学习,你会取得更大的进步。
Work harder, or you will make greater progress. (×)
Work harder, and you will make greater progress. (√)
快点,否则你会上学迟到。
Hurry up, or you will be late for school. (√)
3.so
so连接的句子表示结果。注意:表示因果关系时,“一山不容二虎”。即同一句中用了so就不能再用because。同样,用了because也不能再用so。例如:
因为她喜欢鸡肉,所以她经常吃。
Because she likes chicken, so she eats it very often. (×)
Because she likes chicken, she eats it very often. (√)
She likes chicken, so she eats it very often. (√)
4.both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only ...but also
辨别both...and, either...or, neither...nor和not only ...but also的用法时,我们不但要注意它们自身的含义和句意,还要注意句中谓语的表达形式。
both...and意为“两个都……”,句子的谓语要用复数形式。例如:
约翰和彼得正在操场上玩。
Both John and Peter is playing on the playground. (×)
Both John and Peter are playing on the playground. (√)
either...or意为“或者……或者……”,句子的谓语依据or后面的主语而定。例如:
明天我或者你去那里。
Either you or I are going there tomorrow. (×)
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. (√)
neither...nor...意為“……和……都不”或者“既不……也不……”。通常连接两个对等的成分,用于否定两者。连接主语时,句中的谓语通常与nor连接的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如:
Neither he nor his younger brother is at home today.今天他和他弟弟都不在家。
not only...but also各引导一个主语时,句子的谓语通常依据but also后面的主语而定;not only...but also各引导一个句子时,not only所在的句子要用倒装语序。例如:
不但学生而且他们的老师也喜欢那部影片。
Not only the students but also their teacher are enjoying the film. (×)
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. (√)
二、从属连词
从属连词用来引导名词性从句和状语从句。连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素。
英语的从属连词较多,有表示假设的if和unless,有表示让步的though和although,有表示原因的because, as, why,有表示时间的when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as。另外还有表示目的的so that,表示结果的so、so that等。
在中考英语试题中,考点主要围绕表示“假设、让步、原因、时间”的连词来设置,其中极易出错的有以下这些:
1.if与unless
if和unless都可用来引导条件状语从句。if表示“如果”,与主句形成“正向假设”关系;unless表示“如果不;除非”,相當于if not,与主句形成“反向假设”关系。解答含if和unless用法的试题,易错点在于能否准确理解从句与主句之间的逻辑关系。例如:
如果你不抓紧,就会错过最近的火车。
You will miss the last bus if you hurry up. (×)
You will miss the last bus unless you hurry up. (√)
You will miss the last bus if you don?蒺t hurry up. (√)
2.though / although
though / although连接的句子表示让步概念。汉语中我们可以说“虽然……但是……”,但在英语中不行,though / although和but也是“一山不容二虎”。即同一句中用了though / although就不能再用but。同样,用了but也不能再用though / although。例如:
虽然他退休了,但是他还努力工作。
Though / Although he has been retired, but he still works hard. (×)
Though / Although he has been retired, he still works hard. (√)
He has been retired, but he still works hard. (√) 3.because与 because of
解答考查“原因”的试题时,because的最大干扰项是because of。because属连词,引导的是从句,而because of是介词短语,后面接的是短语而不是句子。解答这类题关键是看所接的是句子还是短语。
因为那里没有水,所以他非常渴。
He was very thirsty because of there was no water there. (×)
He was very thirsty because there was no water there. (√)
4.until与before
在考查until用法的单项选择题中,常以before作为干扰项。尤其是表示“在……之前”时,考生在until 和before 两个选项中极易出错。解答这类试题时,应特别注意until的两种含义:一是until与延续性或状态性动词连用时表示“直到……”,二是until与瞬间动词连用时表示“在……之前(不要…… / 没有……)”,此时,主句的谓语是否定式或句子含有否定概念。例如:
迈克直到爸爸回来才去睡觉。
Mike went to bed until his father came back. (×)
Mike didn?蒺t go to bed until his father came back. (√)
■真题链接
1.China is getting more and more independent of western technology, it is leading in many fields, such as the self?鄄driving car industry.
【2018·广东中考题】
A./ B.or C. but D. and
2.Peter spent half a day fishing by the river,
he didn?蒺t catch anything.
【2018·上海中考题】
A.so B.or C. for D. but
3.Be patient !Give him more time, he will find the answer to the question on his own.
【2018·泰州中考题】
A.but B.or C. and D. so
4. Anna her brother like listening to soft music.
【2018·青岛中考题】
A.Both; and B.Neither; nor
C. Either; or D.Not only; but also
5.—Why don?蒺t you get used to the life in Beijing?
— the crowded traffic the high living cost. The only reason is the badly polluted air.
【2018·达州中考题】
A.Not only; but also B.Either; or
C.Both; and D.Neither; nor
6.—Which show do you prefer, Running Man or The Reader? —The Reader, of course I my brother likes it.
【2018·黄冈中考题】
A.Both; and B.Neither; nor
C. Either; or D. Not only; but also
7. his right hand was hurt, he wrote slowly.
【2018·涼山中考题】
A.Because;so B.Because; /
C. Although; but D. Although; /
8.—It has been much easier for me to go to work shared bikes appeared.
—But they also caused plenty of problems.
【2018·宜昌中考题】
A.since B.before C.unless D.though
9.Don?蒺t forget to wash your hands you have meals.
【2011·临沂中考题】
A.before B.until C. though D.unless
10.In summer, food will go bad quickly we put it into a fridge.
【2018·兰州中考题】
A.if B.unless
C.as soon as D. while
11.Every day, he gets up early he can catch the first bus.
【2017·六盘水中考题】
A.because B.since
C.when D.so that
12.Many people like pandas they are cute.
【2018·北京中考题】
A.though B.if
C.while D.because
13.Bob, dinner is ready. Please wash your hands you eat.
【2018·河北中考题】
A.until B.after C. while D. before
14.—Learning to love is like learning to walk.
—Yes, we step out bravely, we?蒺ll find it?蒺s not so difficult.
【2018·眉山中考题】
A.as if B.even though
C.as long as D.as far as
15.—Can students go online during lessons?
—They can it is for that lesson.
【2018·江西中考题】
A.if B.or C. so D. but
(答案见第64页)