论文部分内容阅读
一直以来,高考英语试题中对阅读理解的考查力度都是很大的。很多学生谈“阅读理解”色变,尤其是害怕阅读理解中的生词。他们觉得这些生词极大地影响了他们做阅读理解的信心。事实上,考生的猜词技巧是高考英语阅读理解考查的一个重要方面,《教学大纲》和《考试说明》明确要求考生能读懂生词率不超过3%的阅读材料。这就要求考生在阅读过程中遇到生词切忌惊慌。只要通过仔细推敲就会发现它们并不是孤立存在的,而是处在一定的语言环境中,所以掌握一定的技巧,定能猜出生词的意思。猜词的方法有很多,一般来说,可以从以下几个方面入手:
一、根据对比、转折关系来猜测词义
在一个句群内,句与句之间存在着一定的关系。作者会用一定的信息词来告诉读者它们之间的关系。学生在阅读的过程中应多注意一些由but,yet,however,otherwise,nevertheless,or等表示转折关系的词连接的句子,根据已知的内容就可以猜出生词的意思。如:
We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it be our ally. (2008江苏卷,A 篇)
56. The underlined word “ally” in Para 3 most likely means somebody or something that is ________.
A. your slave and serves you
B. your supporter and helps you
C. under your control and obeys you
D. under your influence and follows you
解析 通读两句话,我们可以体会到“or”在这两句话之间表示一种对比关系。“slip by”和“take control of”分别表示两种对时间的做法。前者是让其流逝,而后者对其加以控制,所以导致两种与时间的关系。前者是敌人,所以,很显然“ally”这个生词的意思应该是“盟友”。故正确答案应该是B。
二、逻辑推理来猜测词义
一份试卷中,每一道题目都是作者用心设计出来的,绝不会是特意为难学生。只要同学们静下心来,运用逻辑推理也能猜出词义。如:
Often, we got “lost” and had to climb a tree to find out where we were. If you read a story in which someone does that successfully, be skeptical; the topmost branches are usually too skinny to hold weight, and we could never climb high enough to see anything except trees.(2008天津卷,E篇)
54. The underlined word“skeptical” in Para 3 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. calm B. doubtful C. serious D. optimistic
解析 根据本段skeptical 后面两句“由于顶端的树枝太脆弱不能承重很多,我们根本爬不到必须的高度,所以只能看到近处的其他树枝而看不到路”。通过逻辑推理不难发现前两句“当我们迷路的时候会爬树来找路,如果你读到这样的故事,并且书中描述爬树找路成功了”,则与事实不符。所以“skeptical”一词表示“怀疑的,不相信的”,故选B,其余选项不符合此处的逻辑关系。
三、根据下文的解释或者例子来猜测词义
在阅读过程中,遇到生词不要心浮气躁,要耐心地继续读下去,有时下文对该词做了暗示性的解释或者给出了日常生活中事例来说明。做到有根据地去猜测词义,而不是凭空想象,这样会大大地提高我们猜词的正确率。如:
Hugo Critchley further explained,“Our bodies synchronize and when we like the other person, we even copy his behavior. Next time you chat with a friend, take note of how you’re sitting—it’s pretty likely that you will be the same...” (2008湖南卷, C篇)
66. The underlined word “synchronize” in Paragraph 4 means “ ________ ”.
A. move slowly B. change rapidly
C. relax temporarily D. respond accordingly
解析 在生词“synchronize”后,作者紧接着给读者做了暗示性的解释“当我们喜欢对方时,我们会模仿他的行为”,解释后,作者又给读者举了一个例子“和朋友聊天,我们会发现我们的坐姿和朋友是一样的”。根据下文的解释和例证,应该不难猜测该词的含义。故正确答案为D。
四、利用日常生活中的常识来猜测词义
生活中处处都是学问,要做生活的有心人,多积累知识。这些小知识会在猜测词义中派上大用场。如:
This sport gives your body a complete workout. When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger. (2008安徽卷,C 篇)
66. The word“workout”underlined in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A. settlement B. exercise C. excitement D. tiredness
解析 生活常识告诉我们“锻炼”会让人们身体健康,所以不难猜出“workout”的意思就是“锻炼”,故正确答案是B。
又如:Shopkeepers in Modbury population 1500, agreed to stop handing out disposable plastic bags to customers on Saturday. They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead.(2007福建卷,B 篇)
61. The underlined word “disposable” in the passage probably means ________.
A. acceptable B. valuable C. throw-away D. long-lasing
解析 文中的做法与我国现行的“限塑令”一样。我们用纸袋或者布袋来代替一次性塑料袋,以达到环保的目的。根据这一生活常识不难猜出该词的意思,故正确答案是C。
五、利用所学的语法知识来猜测词义
我们都知道,定语从句和同位语从句都能对一个名词进行修饰或解释,所以我们可以利用这层关系来猜测一些词的含义。如:
He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.
解析 根据定语从句猜测词义为:变戏法的人。
如:There are what he called games of “perfect information”, games like chess where players can’t hide anything or play tricks, they don’t win by chance, but by means of logic and skills.(NMET2000,C 篇)
解析 根据第一个逗号后的同位语,就可以推测出这是一种类似于象棋、不靠运气、只能通过逻辑和技巧才能胜出的游戏。
总之,利用各种已知信息猜测词义是非常重要的阅读技巧。在实践中,我们可以灵活运用以上谈到的几种技巧,顺利排除生词的障碍,提高阅读的质量。
编辑/梁宇清
一、根据对比、转折关系来猜测词义
在一个句群内,句与句之间存在着一定的关系。作者会用一定的信息词来告诉读者它们之间的关系。学生在阅读的过程中应多注意一些由but,yet,however,otherwise,nevertheless,or等表示转折关系的词连接的句子,根据已知的内容就可以猜出生词的意思。如:
We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it be our ally. (2008江苏卷,A 篇)
56. The underlined word “ally” in Para 3 most likely means somebody or something that is ________.
A. your slave and serves you
B. your supporter and helps you
C. under your control and obeys you
D. under your influence and follows you
解析 通读两句话,我们可以体会到“or”在这两句话之间表示一种对比关系。“slip by”和“take control of”分别表示两种对时间的做法。前者是让其流逝,而后者对其加以控制,所以导致两种与时间的关系。前者是敌人,所以,很显然“ally”这个生词的意思应该是“盟友”。故正确答案应该是B。
二、逻辑推理来猜测词义
一份试卷中,每一道题目都是作者用心设计出来的,绝不会是特意为难学生。只要同学们静下心来,运用逻辑推理也能猜出词义。如:
Often, we got “lost” and had to climb a tree to find out where we were. If you read a story in which someone does that successfully, be skeptical; the topmost branches are usually too skinny to hold weight, and we could never climb high enough to see anything except trees.(2008天津卷,E篇)
54. The underlined word“skeptical” in Para 3 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. calm B. doubtful C. serious D. optimistic
解析 根据本段skeptical 后面两句“由于顶端的树枝太脆弱不能承重很多,我们根本爬不到必须的高度,所以只能看到近处的其他树枝而看不到路”。通过逻辑推理不难发现前两句“当我们迷路的时候会爬树来找路,如果你读到这样的故事,并且书中描述爬树找路成功了”,则与事实不符。所以“skeptical”一词表示“怀疑的,不相信的”,故选B,其余选项不符合此处的逻辑关系。
三、根据下文的解释或者例子来猜测词义
在阅读过程中,遇到生词不要心浮气躁,要耐心地继续读下去,有时下文对该词做了暗示性的解释或者给出了日常生活中事例来说明。做到有根据地去猜测词义,而不是凭空想象,这样会大大地提高我们猜词的正确率。如:
Hugo Critchley further explained,“Our bodies synchronize and when we like the other person, we even copy his behavior. Next time you chat with a friend, take note of how you’re sitting—it’s pretty likely that you will be the same...” (2008湖南卷, C篇)
66. The underlined word “synchronize” in Paragraph 4 means “ ________ ”.
A. move slowly B. change rapidly
C. relax temporarily D. respond accordingly
解析 在生词“synchronize”后,作者紧接着给读者做了暗示性的解释“当我们喜欢对方时,我们会模仿他的行为”,解释后,作者又给读者举了一个例子“和朋友聊天,我们会发现我们的坐姿和朋友是一样的”。根据下文的解释和例证,应该不难猜测该词的含义。故正确答案为D。
四、利用日常生活中的常识来猜测词义
生活中处处都是学问,要做生活的有心人,多积累知识。这些小知识会在猜测词义中派上大用场。如:
This sport gives your body a complete workout. When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger. (2008安徽卷,C 篇)
66. The word“workout”underlined in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A. settlement B. exercise C. excitement D. tiredness
解析 生活常识告诉我们“锻炼”会让人们身体健康,所以不难猜出“workout”的意思就是“锻炼”,故正确答案是B。
又如:Shopkeepers in Modbury population 1500, agreed to stop handing out disposable plastic bags to customers on Saturday. They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead.(2007福建卷,B 篇)
61. The underlined word “disposable” in the passage probably means ________.
A. acceptable B. valuable C. throw-away D. long-lasing
解析 文中的做法与我国现行的“限塑令”一样。我们用纸袋或者布袋来代替一次性塑料袋,以达到环保的目的。根据这一生活常识不难猜出该词的意思,故正确答案是C。
五、利用所学的语法知识来猜测词义
我们都知道,定语从句和同位语从句都能对一个名词进行修饰或解释,所以我们可以利用这层关系来猜测一些词的含义。如:
He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.
解析 根据定语从句猜测词义为:变戏法的人。
如:There are what he called games of “perfect information”, games like chess where players can’t hide anything or play tricks, they don’t win by chance, but by means of logic and skills.(NMET2000,C 篇)
解析 根据第一个逗号后的同位语,就可以推测出这是一种类似于象棋、不靠运气、只能通过逻辑和技巧才能胜出的游戏。
总之,利用各种已知信息猜测词义是非常重要的阅读技巧。在实践中,我们可以灵活运用以上谈到的几种技巧,顺利排除生词的障碍,提高阅读的质量。
编辑/梁宇清