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报道1例急性创伤性肩关节后脱位合并肱骨大结节骨折病例。患者因车祸致左肩关节疼痛、活动受限就诊。通过病史、体格检查和影像学检查确诊为左肩关节后脱位、大结节骨折。麻醉下手法复位失败后，MR检查发现肱二头肌长头腱和冈上、冈下肌等软组织嵌顿在肱骨头和肩胛盂之间，是导致急诊闭合复位失败的原因。对左侧肩关节骨折后脱位行切开复位内固定术，术中切断肱二头肌长头腱，并在结节间沟行腱固定术，解除肩袖嵌顿后，肱骨头后脱位顺利复位，复位并固定大结节骨折。结合手术过程探讨其可能的创伤机制为移位的大结节骨折破坏了结节间沟外侧壁的完整性，肱二头肌长头腱脱出结节间沟，向内侧移位，嵌顿于肱骨头和肩胛盂之间，从而导致肱骨头向后脱位、大结节骨折向前内下移位。对高能量损伤患者应重视其可能伴随的急性肩关节后脱位，结合多角度X线或肩关节CT检查是避免漏诊的惟一方法。对闭合复位失败的急性肩关节后脱位患者应当借助MR检查明确是否存在肩袖和（或）肱二头肌长头腱嵌顿情况。大结节骨折的解剖复位是恢复患者肩关节活动范围和肌力的关键。“,”A case of acute posterior dislocation of shoulder with fracture of greater tubercle of humerus was reported. The patient came to hospital complaining pain and limited motion of left shoulder caused by traffic accident. The diagnosis of posterior dislocation of the left shoulder and fracture of the greater tubercle was confirmed by medical history, physical examination and imaging. After the failure of manual reduction under anesthesia, MRI was conducted which revealed that the biceps brachii longus and supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle were embedded between the head of humerus and glenoid scapula. Then open reduction and internal fixation was performed. The biceps brachii longus was cut off and then fixed in the inter nodal groove. After the rotator cuff was relieved from the impaction, the dislocation of the humeral head was successfully reduced and the fracture of the greater tubercle was reduced and fixed. According to the operation process, the possible trauma mechanism is discussed as follows: the displaced fracture of the greater tubercle destroyed the integrity of the lateral wall of the inter tubercular groove, and the biceps brachii longus slipped out of the inter tubercular groove and shifted to the medial side, which was embedded between the humeral head and the scapular glenoid, thus forcing the humeral head to fall posteriorly, and causing the fracture of the greater tubercle to move anteriorly and inferiorly. Attention should be paid to the possible acute dislocation of shoulder joint for the patients with high energy injury. The only way to avoid missed diagnosis is to combine with multi-directional X-ray or CT examination of shoulder. MRI should be used to determine whether there is tendon incarceration of rotator cuff and/or biceps brachii longus in patients with acute posterior dislocation of shoulder. Anatomic reduction of tubercle fracture is the key to recover the range of motion and muscle strength of shoulder joint.