自《德意志意识形态》之后,马克思和恩格斯再度合作探讨人类社会历史的第二本著作是写于1848年的《共产党宣言》。当然,这本著名的小册子与《德意志意识形态》一书相比,则是一本更具有实用性的政治著作,它写于政治斗争风云激变的年代。尽管该书对过去材料的引证极其简单,但是它的第一部分对社会进化所引用的证据则是更正过的。在《德意志意识形态》中只是稍加概述的核心问题,在《共产党宣言》中则作了详尽清晰的阐述:“到目前为止的一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史。自由民和奴隶、贵族和平民、领主和农奴、行会师傅和帮工,一句话,压迫者和被压迫者,始终处于相互对立的地位,进行不断的、有 Since the “German Ideology,” the second book that Marx and Engels once again worked together to explore the history of human society was the “Communist Manifesto” written in 1848. Of course, this famous pamphlet is a more pragmatic political book than the book “German Ideology,” written in a time of radical political change. Although the book cites references to past material as extremely simple, the evidence the first part of it cites for social evolution is more correct. In the “German Ideology,” it is only a brief summary of core issues and is clearly stated in the “Communist Manifesto:” The history of all societies so far is a history of class struggle. Liberals and slaves, Aristocrats and civilians, lords and serfs, guild guards and helpers, a word, oppressor and oppressed, always in a position of mutual opposition, ongoing, there are