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摘要： 鉴于成文法文本注重信息功能，其译文语言形式应当尽可能遵从目的语习惯表达方式。故本文借鉴《美国模范刑法典》及《美国法典》第18卷中的平行文本，研究我国刑法罪责的英译，特别是《中华人民共和国刑法（97修订）》第三章有关刑罚的规定。
关键词： 成文法 特殊语言翻译 刑罚 平行文本
笔者所谓刑法罪责是指刑罚，即否定犯罪行为的法律后果。（陈兴良 2003：4-5）依据《中华人民共和国刑法（97修订）》第五条规定：“刑罚的轻重，应当与犯罪分子所犯罪行和承担的刑事责任相适应。”故我国刑法分则条款针对每项具体罪状规定了相应适用的刑罚。尽管如此，各类刑罚的总体规定集中于刑法总则第三章，因而本文着重研究该部分条款的英译。
一般而言，成文法的翻译应当归入注重文本信息功能的特殊语言翻译（special language translation）。（Snell-Hornby 2001：32）为了使读者更好地接受原文提供的信息，译文语言形式须尽可能遵从目的语（target-language）习惯表达方式。（Reiss 2004：30-31）
有鉴于此，尽管任何翻译活动都必须以原文为基础，但目的语中近似文本（parallel text）的研究对于关注目的语言形式的法律翻译工作者具有特殊意义，因为参阅这类文本有助于我们把握同类信息在不同语言中的独特表现
形式。（Snell-Hornby 2001：86）事实上，这也是我们探索刑法罪责英译的原则。
一、概述
我国刑法第三章第一节概述了刑罚的种类，包括主刑与附加刑。这些条款中最为典型的莫过于列举式解说复句，而我国规定性法律文件常通过“如下”或“下列”构建此类复句（刘红婴 2007：146），譬如以下二例：
例【1】
第三十三条主刑的种类如下：
（一）管制；
（二）拘役；
（三）有期徒刑；
（四）无期徒刑；
（五）死刑。
例【2】
第三十四条附加刑的种类如下：
（一）罚金；
（二）剥夺政治权利；
（三）没收财产。
附加刑也可以独立适用。
笔者以为，此二例条款的翻译只需参照英美成文法中的近似条文即可，譬如《美国模范刑法典》第6.01条（SECTION 6.01.DEGREES OF FELONIES）第（1）款：
（1）Felonies defined by this Code are classified，for the purpose of sentence，into three degrees，as follows：
（a）felonies of the first degree；
（b）felonies of the second degree；
（c）felonies of the third degree.
推荐译文：
Section 33 Principal punishments are as follows：
（1）public surveillance；
（2）criminal detention；
（3）fixed-term imprisonment；
（4）life imprisonment；
（5）death penalty.
推荐译文：
Section 34 Additional punishments are as follows：
（1）fine；
（2）deprivation of political rights；
（3）confiscation of property.
Additional punishments may also be imposed independently.
二、分述
该章其余各节则分述了不同刑种的具体规定。笔者仅以主刑与附加刑中最为典型也最为常见的徒刑、罚金刑为例展开讨论。
1.主刑——徒刑
（1）徒刑的期限
例【3】
第四十五条有期徒刑的期限，除本法第五十条、第六十九条规定外，为六个月以上十五年以下。
对照译文：
Article 45 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than six months but not more than 15 years except as stipulated in Article 50 and 69 of this Law.
例【3】规定的是有期徒刑的期限，而英美成文法中也有类似限制刑期的条款可供译者参考，譬如《美国模范刑法典》第6.06条（SECTION 6.06.SENTENCE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR FELONY；ORDINARY TERMS）第（1）款：
A person who has been convicted of a felony may be sentenced to imprisonment，as follows：
（1）in the case of a felony of the first degree，for a term the minimum of which shall be fixed by the Court at not less than one year nor more than ten years，and the maximum of which shall be life imprisonment；
推荐译文：
Section 45 A fixed term of imprisonment shall be not less than six months nor more than 15 years，except as provided in Section 50 and 69 of this Act.
（2）徒刑的执行
例【4】
第四十六条被判处有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，在监狱或者其他执行场所执行；凡有劳动能力的，都应当参加劳动，接受教育和改造。
对照译文：
Article 46 Any criminal who is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place for the execution.Anyone who is able to work shall accept education and reform through labor.
例【4】规定的是有期徒刑的执行。该条款分前后两段，前者涉及执行场所而后者关于执行方式，虽以分号相隔，然为连动句，故“犯罪分子”是所有动词的共同主语。但对照译文却使用了两个不同的主语：“Any criminal”与“Anyone”，这就可能令读者产生歧义。为了使译文更准确，我们应当将之统一起来：
推荐译文：
Section 46 An offender who is sentenced to a fixed term of imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place of execution，and shall receive education and correction through labor if he is able to work.
（3）刑期的计算
例【5】
第四十七条有期徒刑的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日。
对照译文：
Article 47 A fixed-term of imprisonment shall be counted from the date when the sentence begins to be executed；if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the sentence，one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.
例【5】规定的是徒刑刑期的计算。其译文可参照英美成文法中平行条款的表述，譬如《美国法典》第18卷第II编第227章D节第3585条：
§3585.Calculation of a term of imprisonment
（a）Commencement of Sentence.——A sentence to a term of imprisonment commences on the date the defendant is received in custody awaiting transportation to，or arrives voluntarily to commence service of sentence at，the official detention facility at which the sentence is to be served.
（b）Credit for Prior Custody.-A defendant shall be given credit toward the service of a term of imprisonment for any time he has spent in official detention prior to the date the sentence commences——
（1）as a result of the offense for which the sentence was imposed；or
（2）as a result of any other charge for which the defendant was arrested after the commission of the offense for which the sentence was imposed；that has not been credited against another sentence.
推荐译文：
Section 47 A sentence to a fixed term of imprisonment shall commence on the date the service of sentence commences；and one day an offender has spent in official detention prior to the date his sentence commences shall be credited as one day against such sentence.
2.附加刑——罚金刑
（1）罚金刑的判处
例【6】
第五十二条判处罚金，应当根据犯罪情节决定罚金数额。
例【6】规定的是法院应当如何判处罚金。其译文可参照英美成文法中平行条款的表述，譬如《美国法典》第18卷第II编第227章C节第3572条：
§3572.Imposition of a sentence of fine and related matters
（a）Factors To Be Considered.-In determining whether to impose a fine，and the amount，time for payment，and method of payment of a fine，the court shall consider，in addition to the factors set forth in section 3553（a）——
（1）the defendant’s income，earning capacity，and financial resources；
（2）the burden that the fine will impose upon the defendant...；
（3）any pecuniary loss inflicted upon others as a result of the offense；
（4）whether restitution is ordered or made and the amount of such restitution；
（5）the need to deprive the defendant of illegally obtained gains from the offense；
...
其差别仅在于后者详细列举了法院应当考虑的各种因素，而前者却只概括性地提及了“犯罪情节”。这也正是“普通法强调‘精确’（precision）而大陆法强调‘简练’（conciseness）”的反映。
笔者认为该条款的译文应当仿照法律英语的行文习惯：
推荐译文：
Section 52 The amount of a fine shall be determined in accordance with the circumstances of the crime.
（2）罚金刑的执行
例【7】
第五十三条罚金在判决指定的期限内一次或者分期缴纳。期满不缴纳的，强制缴纳。对于不能全部缴纳罚金的，人民法院在任何时候发现被执行人有可以执行的财产，应当随时追缴。如果由于遭遇不能抗拒的灾祸缴纳确实有困难的，可以酌情减少或者免除。
对照译文：
Article 53 A fine may be paid in a lump sum or in installments within the time limit specified in the sentence.If a fine is not paid upon the expiration of that time limit，the payment shall be compelled.If a person is not able to pay the fine in full，the People’s Court shall demand the payment whenever it finds the person has property for execution of the fine.If a person has true difficulties in paying because of an irresistible disaster，the fine may be reduced or remitted according to the circumstances.
例【7】规定的是法院应当如何执行罚金刑。正如本书第五章所言，中文语篇的衔接重在意合，故原文各分句虽无统一的主语，但其逻辑上的严密性依然是无可置疑的。反观对照译文，仿原文亦步亦趋地勉强保留各分句主语不相统一的形式，结果却使读者倍感其逻辑上的杂乱无章，这是因为英文语篇的衔接重在形合。
所以，明智的译者不仅应当根据条款内容补全原文中被省略的行为主体（该条款中所谓“被执行人”实际上即指被判处罚金的犯罪人）：
罚金（由被执行人）在判决指定的期限内一次或者分期缴纳。（被执行人）期满不缴纳的，（人民法院）强制缴纳。对于（被执行人）不能全部缴纳罚金的，人民法院在任何时候发现被执行人有可以执行的财产，应当随时追缴。如果由于（被执行人）遭遇不能抗拒的灾祸缴纳确实有困难的，（人民法院）可以酌情减少或者免除。
而且应当从中观察并整理出各分句在形式逻辑上的联系，并据此展开译文：
推荐译文：
Section 53 An offender may be sentenced to pay a fine in a lump sum or in installments within a time limit specified in the sentence.If the offender does not pay the fine when such time limit expires，the People’s Court shall compel his payment.If the offender has no ability of paying the fine in full，the People’s Court shall require his payment whenever it finds that the offender has property executable.If the offender has true difficulties in paying the fine due to an irresistible disaster，the People’s Court may reduce or remit the fine in accordance with the circumstances of such disaster.
通过上文的实例分析，我们不难发现目的语平行文本在英译我国刑法总则有关刑罚的规定时所起的重要作用。由此可见，法律翻译工作者不仅需要深厚的双语能力，而且应当具备相当的法律知识，熟悉目的语法律文本。唯有这样，我国的法律翻译水平方能蒸蒸日上。
参考文献：
［1］Reiss，Kathabina.Rhodes，Erroll F.（tran.）.Translation Criticism［M］.Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2004.
［2］Snell-Hornby，Mary.Translation Studies［M］.Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2001.
［3］陈兴良.本体刑法学［M］.北京：商务印书馆，2003.
［4］刘红婴.法律语言学（第二版）［M］.北京：北京大学出版社，2007.
注：“本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文。”
关键词： 成文法 特殊语言翻译 刑罚 平行文本
笔者所谓刑法罪责是指刑罚，即否定犯罪行为的法律后果。（陈兴良 2003：4-5）依据《中华人民共和国刑法（97修订）》第五条规定：“刑罚的轻重，应当与犯罪分子所犯罪行和承担的刑事责任相适应。”故我国刑法分则条款针对每项具体罪状规定了相应适用的刑罚。尽管如此，各类刑罚的总体规定集中于刑法总则第三章，因而本文着重研究该部分条款的英译。
一般而言，成文法的翻译应当归入注重文本信息功能的特殊语言翻译（special language translation）。（Snell-Hornby 2001：32）为了使读者更好地接受原文提供的信息，译文语言形式须尽可能遵从目的语（target-language）习惯表达方式。（Reiss 2004：30-31）
有鉴于此，尽管任何翻译活动都必须以原文为基础，但目的语中近似文本（parallel text）的研究对于关注目的语言形式的法律翻译工作者具有特殊意义，因为参阅这类文本有助于我们把握同类信息在不同语言中的独特表现
形式。（Snell-Hornby 2001：86）事实上，这也是我们探索刑法罪责英译的原则。
一、概述
我国刑法第三章第一节概述了刑罚的种类，包括主刑与附加刑。这些条款中最为典型的莫过于列举式解说复句，而我国规定性法律文件常通过“如下”或“下列”构建此类复句（刘红婴 2007：146），譬如以下二例：
例【1】
第三十三条主刑的种类如下：
（一）管制；
（二）拘役；
（三）有期徒刑；
（四）无期徒刑；
（五）死刑。
例【2】
第三十四条附加刑的种类如下：
（一）罚金；
（二）剥夺政治权利；
（三）没收财产。
附加刑也可以独立适用。
笔者以为，此二例条款的翻译只需参照英美成文法中的近似条文即可，譬如《美国模范刑法典》第6.01条（SECTION 6.01.DEGREES OF FELONIES）第（1）款：
（1）Felonies defined by this Code are classified，for the purpose of sentence，into three degrees，as follows：
（a）felonies of the first degree；
（b）felonies of the second degree；
（c）felonies of the third degree.
推荐译文：
Section 33 Principal punishments are as follows：
（1）public surveillance；
（2）criminal detention；
（3）fixed-term imprisonment；
（4）life imprisonment；
（5）death penalty.
推荐译文：
Section 34 Additional punishments are as follows：
（1）fine；
（2）deprivation of political rights；
（3）confiscation of property.
Additional punishments may also be imposed independently.
二、分述
该章其余各节则分述了不同刑种的具体规定。笔者仅以主刑与附加刑中最为典型也最为常见的徒刑、罚金刑为例展开讨论。
1.主刑——徒刑
（1）徒刑的期限
例【3】
第四十五条有期徒刑的期限，除本法第五十条、第六十九条规定外，为六个月以上十五年以下。
对照译文：
Article 45 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than six months but not more than 15 years except as stipulated in Article 50 and 69 of this Law.
例【3】规定的是有期徒刑的期限，而英美成文法中也有类似限制刑期的条款可供译者参考，譬如《美国模范刑法典》第6.06条（SECTION 6.06.SENTENCE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR FELONY；ORDINARY TERMS）第（1）款：
A person who has been convicted of a felony may be sentenced to imprisonment，as follows：
（1）in the case of a felony of the first degree，for a term the minimum of which shall be fixed by the Court at not less than one year nor more than ten years，and the maximum of which shall be life imprisonment；
推荐译文：
Section 45 A fixed term of imprisonment shall be not less than six months nor more than 15 years，except as provided in Section 50 and 69 of this Act.
（2）徒刑的执行
例【4】
第四十六条被判处有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，在监狱或者其他执行场所执行；凡有劳动能力的，都应当参加劳动，接受教育和改造。
对照译文：
Article 46 Any criminal who is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place for the execution.Anyone who is able to work shall accept education and reform through labor.
例【4】规定的是有期徒刑的执行。该条款分前后两段，前者涉及执行场所而后者关于执行方式，虽以分号相隔，然为连动句，故“犯罪分子”是所有动词的共同主语。但对照译文却使用了两个不同的主语：“Any criminal”与“Anyone”，这就可能令读者产生歧义。为了使译文更准确，我们应当将之统一起来：
推荐译文：
Section 46 An offender who is sentenced to a fixed term of imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place of execution，and shall receive education and correction through labor if he is able to work.
（3）刑期的计算
例【5】
第四十七条有期徒刑的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日。
对照译文：
Article 47 A fixed-term of imprisonment shall be counted from the date when the sentence begins to be executed；if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the sentence，one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.
例【5】规定的是徒刑刑期的计算。其译文可参照英美成文法中平行条款的表述，譬如《美国法典》第18卷第II编第227章D节第3585条：
§3585.Calculation of a term of imprisonment
（a）Commencement of Sentence.——A sentence to a term of imprisonment commences on the date the defendant is received in custody awaiting transportation to，or arrives voluntarily to commence service of sentence at，the official detention facility at which the sentence is to be served.
（b）Credit for Prior Custody.-A defendant shall be given credit toward the service of a term of imprisonment for any time he has spent in official detention prior to the date the sentence commences——
（1）as a result of the offense for which the sentence was imposed；or
（2）as a result of any other charge for which the defendant was arrested after the commission of the offense for which the sentence was imposed；that has not been credited against another sentence.
推荐译文：
Section 47 A sentence to a fixed term of imprisonment shall commence on the date the service of sentence commences；and one day an offender has spent in official detention prior to the date his sentence commences shall be credited as one day against such sentence.
2.附加刑——罚金刑
（1）罚金刑的判处
例【6】
第五十二条判处罚金，应当根据犯罪情节决定罚金数额。
例【6】规定的是法院应当如何判处罚金。其译文可参照英美成文法中平行条款的表述，譬如《美国法典》第18卷第II编第227章C节第3572条：
§3572.Imposition of a sentence of fine and related matters
（a）Factors To Be Considered.-In determining whether to impose a fine，and the amount，time for payment，and method of payment of a fine，the court shall consider，in addition to the factors set forth in section 3553（a）——
（1）the defendant’s income，earning capacity，and financial resources；
（2）the burden that the fine will impose upon the defendant...；
（3）any pecuniary loss inflicted upon others as a result of the offense；
（4）whether restitution is ordered or made and the amount of such restitution；
（5）the need to deprive the defendant of illegally obtained gains from the offense；
...
其差别仅在于后者详细列举了法院应当考虑的各种因素，而前者却只概括性地提及了“犯罪情节”。这也正是“普通法强调‘精确’（precision）而大陆法强调‘简练’（conciseness）”的反映。
笔者认为该条款的译文应当仿照法律英语的行文习惯：
推荐译文：
Section 52 The amount of a fine shall be determined in accordance with the circumstances of the crime.
（2）罚金刑的执行
例【7】
第五十三条罚金在判决指定的期限内一次或者分期缴纳。期满不缴纳的，强制缴纳。对于不能全部缴纳罚金的，人民法院在任何时候发现被执行人有可以执行的财产，应当随时追缴。如果由于遭遇不能抗拒的灾祸缴纳确实有困难的，可以酌情减少或者免除。
对照译文：
Article 53 A fine may be paid in a lump sum or in installments within the time limit specified in the sentence.If a fine is not paid upon the expiration of that time limit，the payment shall be compelled.If a person is not able to pay the fine in full，the People’s Court shall demand the payment whenever it finds the person has property for execution of the fine.If a person has true difficulties in paying because of an irresistible disaster，the fine may be reduced or remitted according to the circumstances.
例【7】规定的是法院应当如何执行罚金刑。正如本书第五章所言，中文语篇的衔接重在意合，故原文各分句虽无统一的主语，但其逻辑上的严密性依然是无可置疑的。反观对照译文，仿原文亦步亦趋地勉强保留各分句主语不相统一的形式，结果却使读者倍感其逻辑上的杂乱无章，这是因为英文语篇的衔接重在形合。
所以，明智的译者不仅应当根据条款内容补全原文中被省略的行为主体（该条款中所谓“被执行人”实际上即指被判处罚金的犯罪人）：
罚金（由被执行人）在判决指定的期限内一次或者分期缴纳。（被执行人）期满不缴纳的，（人民法院）强制缴纳。对于（被执行人）不能全部缴纳罚金的，人民法院在任何时候发现被执行人有可以执行的财产，应当随时追缴。如果由于（被执行人）遭遇不能抗拒的灾祸缴纳确实有困难的，（人民法院）可以酌情减少或者免除。
而且应当从中观察并整理出各分句在形式逻辑上的联系，并据此展开译文：
推荐译文：
Section 53 An offender may be sentenced to pay a fine in a lump sum or in installments within a time limit specified in the sentence.If the offender does not pay the fine when such time limit expires，the People’s Court shall compel his payment.If the offender has no ability of paying the fine in full，the People’s Court shall require his payment whenever it finds that the offender has property executable.If the offender has true difficulties in paying the fine due to an irresistible disaster，the People’s Court may reduce or remit the fine in accordance with the circumstances of such disaster.
通过上文的实例分析，我们不难发现目的语平行文本在英译我国刑法总则有关刑罚的规定时所起的重要作用。由此可见，法律翻译工作者不仅需要深厚的双语能力，而且应当具备相当的法律知识，熟悉目的语法律文本。唯有这样，我国的法律翻译水平方能蒸蒸日上。
参考文献：
［1］Reiss，Kathabina.Rhodes，Erroll F.（tran.）.Translation Criticism［M］.Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2004.
［2］Snell-Hornby，Mary.Translation Studies［M］.Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2001.
［3］陈兴良.本体刑法学［M］.北京：商务印书馆，2003.
［4］刘红婴.法律语言学（第二版）［M］.北京：北京大学出版社，2007.
注：“本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文。”