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20世纪初,西方学者希望运用近东或欧洲的人群迁徙和传播的理论,尽快解释中国和世界其他地区的早期文化发展。这些学者的论述所基于的考古材料分布地域广阔,空间上也存在缺环,因此这些观点被认为证据不够充分。但20世纪50年代以来,中国西南地区和东南亚的考古发现愈加表现出和中国北方地区、中亚甚至斯基泰人活动地区所出器物的惊人相似性。近年来流行的理论包括“传播—移民论”、“全球化”和“世界体系”。因此,中外学者对中国西南和东南亚的材料所做的讨论反映了考古学中文化交流问题研究的总体趋势,为讨论长距离及短距离人群互动研究的更高层次理论方法问题提供了很好的案例。本文综述了早年的传播、移民和文化影响的理论,对所谓的北方因素对中国西南和东南亚早期文化发展的影响进行深入讨论,文中涉及了中国和西方学者的观点。文章讨论了若干研究案例:东南亚青铜冶铸的出现、石棺葬在中国边疆地区广泛分布的现象、石寨山和云南、四川其他遗址中出现的动物意匠和北方类型兵器。这些案例展示了研究长距离交流和远距离的区域间存在相似性的原因等课题所采用的不同研究方法的启示。综述强调了不同研究方法各自的缺陷和长处,也指出这一研究主题所面临的挑战,提出在今后研究中遇到这些问题的解决方法。
At the beginning of the 20th century, Western scholars hoped to apply the theory of migration and dissemination of people in the Near East or Europe to explain as quickly as possible the early cultural development in China and other parts of the world. Archaeological materials on the basis of which these scholars argue are widely distributed and lacking in space, they are therefore considered insufficiently substantiated. However, since the 1950s, the archaeological discoveries in southwest China and Southeast Asia have shown even more striking resemblances to the artifacts in northern China, Central Asia and even the Scythian areas. Popular theories in recent years include “Communication Immigration ”, “Globalization ” and “World System ”. Therefore, the discussions between Chinese and foreign scholars on the materials in southwestern and southeast Asia reflect the general trend in the study of cultural exchange in archeology, which provides a good basis for discussing the higher-level theoretical approaches to the interaction of long-distance and short-range people Case. This article summarizes the theories of communication, immigration and cultural influence in the early years, and discusses in depth the impact of the so-called North factors on the early cultural development in southwest China and Southeast Asia. The article covers the views of Chinese and Western scholars. The article discusses a number of research cases: the emergence of bronze smelting in Southeast Asia, the widespread distribution of sarcophagus in frontier areas of China, the appearance of animals in Shizhaishan and other sites in Yunnan and Sichuan, and the types of North-type weapons. These cases illustrate the implications of different approaches to research topics such as the long-distance communication and the reasons for the similarities between long-range regions. The review highlights the shortcomings and strengths of each of the different research methods, as well as the challenges they face and proposes solutions to these problems in future studies.