咸丰、同治时期是传统中国由“变局”危机卷入世界近代化运动的开端。“数千年未有之变局”,在一些有识之士的内心激发起强烈的救亡求变心理,催逼着他们排除传统守旧势力的干扰,大力购求和运用洋式武器,开始变革传统的军备和军制,由此揭开了中国军队近代化的序幕。这其中不仅有太平天国的农民领袖洪秀全等,也有与之敌对的曾国藩、左宗棠、李鸿章等湘淮将领。敌对的力量被世界近代化潮流神奇地统一到变革传统的行列之中。 （一） 两次鸦片战争给中国社会带来的灾难是多方面的,但深重的灾难同时又是一种精神上的强击与震憾。有识之士从头破血流的失败、牺牲和屈辱中,看清了自身的因循、麻木积习;从坚船利炮与刀矛弓箭、鸟枪土铳的比较中,看出了“天朝上国”的破洞与衰象;痛苦的升华与认识 Xianfeng and the Tongzhi period were the beginnings of the traditional China’s involvement in the world’s modernization movement from the crisis of “changing conditions.” “Thousands of years have not changed the situation,” stimulating a strong sense of national salvation in the hearts of some people of insight, urging them to eliminate the interference of traditional and conservative forces, vigorously buying and using foreign-style weapons, and starting the transformation of traditional armaments. And the military system, thus opening the prelude to the modernization of the Chinese armed forces. Among them are not only Hong Xiuquan, a farmer leader of the Taiping Heavenly King, but also the commanders of Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang who are hostile to them. The hostile forces are magically unified by the modernization of the world into the tradition of transformation. (1) The disasters brought to the Chinese society by the two Opium Wars are many. However, the deep disasters are also a kind of mental storm and shock. From the failure of people of insight, sacrifice and humiliation, see their own follow, numbness plot; from the gunboats and sword spear bow and arrow gun, soil gunnose in comparison, we can see that the “heaven on the country ”The hole and decline; painful sublimation and understanding