To evaluate the epidemiology of pulmonary candidiasis (PC)-and to identify risk factors in premature infants during the 1st month of life, all infants with a birth weight < 1250 g admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit with PC between January 1994 and December 2001 were retrospectively reviewed.Infants with PC (n =20) were compared with a control group (n =20), matched for gestational age and birth weight, with regard to possible perinatal and postnatal risk factors.Among 325 infants with a birth weight < 1250 g, 20 out of 233 ventilated infants (8.6%) developed PC.Candida albicans (n =12) and C.parapsilosis (n =4) were the predominant isolates.Neonates with PC were significantly different from controls with regard to male prevalence (P =0.002), rates of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) (P =0.02), longer duration of antibiotic therapy (P =0.01) and of ventilation (P =0.02).The difference between groups did not attain significance with regard to postnatal dexamethasone administration, duration of central vein catheterisation and duration of parenteral nutrition.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated as significant predictors of PC, among perinatal data, the male gender (OR =26.3; 95%CI 2.44 to 284) and PPROM (OR =12.3; 95%CI 1.16 to 130) and, among postnatal data, the duration of ventilation (OR =1.54; 95%CI 1.01 to 2.34).Conclusion: The presence of preterm premature rupture of membranes and the duration of ventilation are significant risk factors for developing pulmonary candidiasis and should be considered in the preventive efforts to reduce this disease in infants with a birth weight < 1250 g. To evaluate the epidemiology of pulmonary candidiasis (PC) -and to identify risk factors in premature infants during the first month of life, all infants with a birth weight <1250 g admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit with PC between January 1994 and December 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Infants with PC (n = 20) were compared with a control group (n = 20), matched for gestational age and birth weight, with regard to possible perinatal and postnatal risk factors. Among 325 infants with a birth weight < 1250 g, 20 out of 233 ventilated infants (8.6%) developed PC.Candida albicans (n ​​= 12) and C. pararapsilosis (n = 4) were the predominant isolates. Neonates with PC were significantly different from controls with regard to male prevalence (P = 0.002), the rates of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) (P = 0.02), longer duration of antibiotic therapy (P = 0.01) and of ventilation regard to postnatal dexamethaso ne administration, duration of central vein catheterization and duration of parenteral nutrition. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant predictors of PC, among perinatal data, the male gender (OR = 26.3; 95% CI 2.44 to 284) and PPROM ; 95% CI 1.16 to 130) and among postnatal data, the duration of ventilation (OR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.34) .Conlusion: The presence of preterm premature rupture of membranes and the duration of ventilation are significant risk factors for developing pulmonary candidias and should be considered in the preventive efforts to reduce this disease in infants with a birth weight <1250 g.