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在高中物理书中,关于热现象的部分是先讲分子运动论,由分子的平均动能引出温度的概念,再讲内能、热量等概念的.但在物理学发展史上,分子运动论是建立得比较晚的.我们知道,分子运动论的哲学基石在于物质的原子性,这种思想在古代已经有了,到了十七、十八世纪,才提出过一般的定性的分子运动假说,如柏努利在1738年就曾经以气体分子与器壁相碰,用动力学的概念导出玻义耳定律,特别是罗蒙诺索夫(1711-1765)更形象地给出了理想气体分子碰撞的一般模型.但真正关于气体分子运动系统的定量的理论,还是到十九世纪后半叶,由克劳修斯、麦克斯韦和玻耳兹曼的工作建立起来的,关于这
In the high school physics book, the part about the thermal phenomenon is the first to talk about the theory of molecular motion, the concept of the temperature of the molecules to derive the temperature, and the concept of internal energy and heat. But in the history of physics, the theory of molecular movement was established. It is relatively late. We know that the philosophical cornerstone of the theory of molecular movement lies in the atomic nature of matter. This kind of idea has already existed in ancient times. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the general qualitative molecular movement hypothesis was proposed. In 1738, Nuley used gas molecules to collide with the wall, and used the concept of dynamics to derive the law of the Boid, and in particular, Lomonosov (1711-1765) more vividly proposed the collision of ideal gas molecules. The general model, but the real theory of the quantification of the gas molecular motion system was still established by the work of Clausius, Maxwell, and Boltzmann in the second half of the 19th century.