在为《资本论》积累资料的过程中,马克思开始明白,机器技术本身还不足以确立无产阶级的统治权,使其成为社会中起决定作用的领导阶级。因为无产阶级只有同其他劳动者紧密联系在一起,才能有所作为;只有作为“共同劳动者”,他们才能成为“庞然大物”,因为,脱离开生产,单个的工人便一事无成。因此,马克思的基本论点(即无产阶级是能够脱离生产、领导生产、发挥管理职能的力量)遇到一个主要困难:机器和机器生产愈发展,则分工愈是迫使单个劳动青完成日益简单的、容易的、类似机器的职能,按按电钮,拉拉操纵杆;劳动者一旦离开生产,在自由交往中,便一筹莫展。 然而,马克思还是探索出一条摆脱这一困境的出路:他在没有放进《资本论》的、没有出版的手稿中推测,虽然(典型资本主义的)前提仍然是直接劳动 In the process of accumulating information for Capital, Marx began to understand that machine technology alone was not enough to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and to make it the decisive leading class in society. Because the proletariat can work only if it is closely linked with other workers, they can become “monoliths” only as “common laborers,” because individual workers can not accomplish anything without them. Therefore, Marx’s basic thesis (that is, the proletariat is capable of separating itself from production, leading production, and exerting management functions) encounters a major difficulty: the more the production of machinery and machinery grows, the more division of labor is forcing a single work-life to be completed more and more simply, Easy, machine-like functions, press the button, pull the joystick; workers once left the production, in the free exchange, they can do nothing. However, Marx still explored a way out of this dilemma: in unpublished manuscripts without “capitalism,” he speculates that although the (typical) capitalist premise remains direct labor