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在美国,关于黑人是否也具有和白人一样正常人性的争论,从18世纪美国奴隶制开始一直延续至今,也直接关涉到美国发生的种种社会冲突和矛盾。在美国历史上,白人往往通过否定黑人人性以达到其高人一等的目的,而黑人知识分子则不遗余力地为黑人的人性辩护。拉尔夫.埃利森通过对梅尔维尔、福克纳和马克.吐温等19世纪美国经典白人作家的作品解读,赞赏了这些作家在肯定黑人人性时表现出的人道主义精神;同时运用高度象征性和颠覆性的语言,展示了黑人的人性,揭示了白人的非人性;并通过“斯芬克斯之谜”典故的阐释,对普遍意义上的人性作了探讨,体现了作者对所有现代人的生存困境的关注,从而超越了以斯陀夫人小说为代表的注重道义宣传的传统文学,以及以理查德.赖特的创作为代表的注重态度强硬的抗议与暴力表达的自然主义文学,体现出回归与提升19世纪人文主义作家人道主义精神的创作倾向。
In the United States, the controversy over whether blacks also have the same normal humanity as whites has been directly linked to the various social conflicts and conflicts in the United States since the beginning of slavery in the 18th century in the United States. In the history of the United States, whites often achieve their superiority by negating black humanity, while black intellectuals spare no effort in defending black humanity. Ralph Ellison appreciates the humanitarian spirit these writers showed in affirming black humanity through the interpretation of 19th-century American classic white writers such as Melville, Faulkner and Mark Twain. At the same time, Highly symbolic and disruptive language, showing the human nature of black people and revealing the inhumanity of white people. Through the interpretation of “the mystery of Sphinx”, this article discusses the human nature in the universal sense, The author pays close attention to the surviving predicament of all modern people and thus goes beyond the traditional moral-sensitized literature represented by his novel, as well as the hard-line protest and violent expression represented by Richard Wright’s creation Naturalistic literature, reflecting the creative tendency of returning to and enhancing the humanitarian spirit of humanistic writers in the 19th century.