明朝灭亡后,不少具有民族气节的中下层知识分子,为维护民族的尊严和反抗民族压迫,拿起武器和笔杆继续从事秘密的抗清活动。失败后,他们蛰处山林,拒绝跟清政权合作,孤芳自赏,别有抱负。张穆、陈子升、高俨、张家玉、薛始亨、屈大均、陈恭尹、彭睿壦等人,以遗民自居, After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, many middle-and-lower-level intellectuals with a national integrity maintained their secret anti-Qing activities in order to safeguard the dignity of the nation and resist ethnic oppression. After the failure, they stalked mountains and forests, refusing to cooperate with the Qing government, lonely and indifferent. Zhang Mu, Chen Zisheng, Gao Yan, Zhang Jiayu, Xue Shixheng, Qu Dajun, Chen Gongyin, Peng Rui 壦 et al.