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从15世纪葡萄牙和西班牙试图划分海洋开始,人类对海洋自由还是闭锁的认识不断深化。格劳修斯时期,海洋是作为一个整体笼统讨论的;到17世纪末、18世纪初期,英国提出海洋划分为领海和公海两部分;19世纪中期开始,海洋划分为多个不同区域,有领海、大陆架、渔业管理区和公海等;到20世纪国际海洋法形成,海洋被划分为领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架和公海等。从产权经济学角度看,海洋自由还是闭锁的变化反映的是海洋产权归属的问题。产权界定的前提是财产可以被控制而且是经济地控制,海洋从总体上看是不可控制的,因而不能够完全界定产权,但是随着技术的发展变化,对海洋进行部分控制是可能的。同时,海洋的无主地和共有会导致各国家的先占竞争、公地悲剧和反公地悲剧的问题。人类对海洋产权界定和划分的基本原则是人类的生存发展和海洋的可持续利用。
From the beginning of the 15th century when Portugal and Spain attempted to divide the sea, humankind’s understanding of whether the freedom of the sea is still at stake has been deepening. At the time of the Clausius, the oceans were discussed in general as a whole. By the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Britain proposed that the oceans should be divided into the territorial sea and the high seas. From the mid-19th century onwards, the oceans were divided into different regions with territorial sea, The continental shelf, the fishery management zone and the high seas. By the 20th century, the formation of the International Law of the Sea and the oceans were divided into territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf and high seas. From the point of view of property economics, the change of maritime freedom or closure reflects the issue of the ownership of maritime property. Property rights are defined on the premise that property can be controlled and economically controlled. As a result, the ocean as a whole can not be controlled and thus can not completely define property rights. However, with the development of technology, partial control of the ocean is possible. At the same time, the domination and sharing of oceans will lead to the preemptive competition of all countries, the tragedy of the commons and the tragedy of opposing the commons. Human beings define and divide the basic principles of marine property rights is the survival and development of mankind and the sustainable use of the oceans.