Objective:To compared the therapeutic effect of a Chinese patent medicine Naoxintong Capsule (脑心通胶囊,NXT) and aspirin with adjusted-dose warfarin in Chinese elderly patients (over 65 years) with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and genetic variants of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1),who are at high-risk of thromboembolism.Methods:A total of 151 patients,with NVAF and AA genotype of VKORC1-1639 (a sensitive genotype to warfarin) and a CHA2DS2-VASc clinical risk score of 2 0r above,were chosen for this study.Patients were randomized into two groups and orally treated with a combination of aspirin (100 mg/day) and NXT (1.6 g thrice a day) or adjusted-dose warfarin [intemational normalized rati0 2.0-3.0).The primary end points including ischemic stroke and death as well as the secondary end points including hemorrhage events were followed up for at least 1 year.Results:Baseline clinical data and the rates of primary end points were similar between groups.However,the rate of serious bleeding (secondary event) in the combination therapy group was lower than that in the adjusted-dose warfarin group (0％ vs.7.9％,odds ratio:0.921,95％ confidence interval:0.862-0.984,P=0.028).Conclusions:Aspirin combined with NXT and warfarin displayed comparable rates of primary end point including ischemic stroke and all-cause death during the 1-year follow-up.However,as compared with warfarin,the combination therapy reduced the rate of serious bleeding.Therefore,aspirin combined with NXT might provide an altemative pharmacotherapy in preventing ischemic stroke for elderly patients with NAVF who cannot tolerate warfarin.