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“另类”1：悬垂分词
不少老师在讲到非谓语动词作状语时，都特别强调一定要注意非谓语动词与该句主语之间的逻辑关系。如现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与该句子中的主语一致，不然，这种分词短语的逻辑主语与该句主语不一致的句子，常被称为“悬垂分词“，这样的句子通常视为错句。
如：Walking along the street， I ran across my old friend.（是I在街上走的时候，遇到了一个老朋友。）
He lay on the grass， looking into the sky. （看着天空的是躺在草地上的He ）
Not receiving any letter from him， I gave him a call. （是I 没有收到他的来信，给他打了电话）
可是，在牛津高中英语第五模块第一单元中却有这样的句子偏偏反其道而行之：
Speaking of friends， Ive met some nice people here in London and I think we might become close friends. （模快五，p.9）
（谈到朋友，我在伦敦这儿遇到了一些很好的人，我想我们会成为挚友的。）
该句中的speaking of... （谈到……），实为说话人的立场、态度和观点。这种现在分词的逻辑主语与其所在句子中的主语是可以不一致的，它仅用来表示说话人的语气、或态度、或看问题的角度，或对所叙述的情况进行解释，它们的逻辑主语，实际是说话的人，而不再是句子的主语了。它们常看成句子的一个独立成分。
常见的这种可与其逻辑主语不一致的分词短语有：
generally speaking （一般说来）； judging from / by...（根据……来判断）； talking of / speaking of...（说起……）；considering...（考虑到……）；taking... into consideration（把……考虑）等
如：Generally speaking， the more expensive， the better its quality. 一般说来， 照相机越贵，质量越好。（2005全国高考卷）
Strictly speaking， nobody is allowed in here. 严格地讲，谁也不允许在这儿。
Judging from his accent， he must be from the South. 从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。
“另类”21：With复合结构
先看下面一组高考试题：
1. With no one to in such a frightening situation，she felt very helpless. （2006陕西卷）
A. turn toB. turn on
C. turn offD. turn over（答案：A）
2. John received an invitation to dinner， and with his work ， he gladly accepted it. （2007 安徽）
A. finishedB. finishing
C. having finishedD. was finished （答案：A）
3. —Come on， please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work my mind， I almost break down. （2007 福建卷）
A. filledB. filling
C. to fillD. being filled（答案：B）
4. Now that weve discussed our problem， are people happy with the decisions ？ （2009全国I卷）
A. takingB. take
C. takenD. to take（答案：C）
5. （根据中文意义，用所给动词的适当形式填空）
由于越来越多的森林被砍伐，一些动物正面临着灭绝的危险。
With ， some animals are facing the danger of dying out. （cut）（2012湖北）
（答案： more and more forests / trees （being） cut down）
以上的一组高考试题，考查的都是“With + 名词 / 代词+补足语”结构，该结构通常称之为“With复合结构”。这种with复合结构在英语中运用广泛，在课本中也屡见不鲜，也是高考中常见的考点之一。
现将其用法及特点作一简介：
1. “with +名词 / 代词 + doing”其特点：“名词 / 代词”为doing动作的执行者（即主谓关系），且为正在进行的动作。
如：Mary felt shy with the whole class looking at her. 在全班同学的注视下，玛丽感到不好意思。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他灯亮着就睡着了。
2. “with + 名词 / 代词+ done”其特点：“名词 / 代词”为done动作的承受者（即动宾关系），表示被动或完成了的动作。 如：With the problem settled， we all felt very happy. 问题解决了，我们都非常高兴。
With all the things she needed bought， she went home happily. 需要的东西都买好了，她高高兴兴回家了。
3. “with +名词 / 代词 + to do”，其特点：“名词 / 代词”或为to do动作的执行者或为承受者，但表示将要发生的动作。
With so much work to do， I have no time for a holiday 有这么多事要做，我没有时间度假。
With so many people to help us， we are sure to finish it in time.有这么多人帮忙，我们一定能按时完成。
4. with +名词 / 代词+形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语，其特点：“名词 / 代词”与形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语为系表结构，形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语用来说明“名词 / 代词”的特征、性质、状态、位置等。
如： They were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open. 他们睁大眼睛听老师讲课。
With her mother away from home， she felt lonely. 母亲不在家，她感到孤独。
He walked into the dark street with a stick in his hand. 他拿着拐杖走在黑暗的大街上。
With复合结构 用作状语，可表示条件、原因、时间、伴随、方式等情况；可以和相应的状语从句转换。
（1）表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
如： With you to help us， we will be able to finish the work in time.
=If you help us， we will be able to finish the work in time.
有你帮助我们，我们就能及时完成这项工作。
（2）表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
如：With two exams to take， I have to work really hard this weekend.
=As there are two exams to worry about， I have to work really hard this weekend.
因为有两场考试要参加，这个周末我真的要努力了。
（3）表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
如：With the work done， we went shopping.
=After the work was done， we went shopping. 工作做完后，我们就去购物了。
（4）表示伴随，相当于一个并列句。
如：The boy sat at the corner， with tears welling up in his eyes.
=The boy sat at the corner， and tears were welling up in his eyes. 小男孩坐在角落里， 眼中含满泪水。
（5）表示方式， 相当于一个并列句。
如：He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他头枕着胳膊睡着了。
=He was asleep and his head was on his arms.
With复合结构 也可用作定语，相当于一个定语从句，修饰前面的名词。
如：I like stamps with a bird design on them.
=I like stamps on which there is a bird design. 我喜欢有鸟类图案的邮票。
Anyone with its eyes in his head can see its exactly like a rope.
=Anyone who has eyes in his head can see its exactly like a rope.
任何一个头上长着眼睛的人都能看出它完全像一条绳子。
“另类”22：独立主格结构
独立主格结构，是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语或动词不定式或形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。（我们也可以把独立主格结构看成是把With复合结构中的with去掉的结构，其用法与With复合结构用法基本相同；）
名词/代词+doing，如：Weather permitting， we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
名词/代词+done，如：He was listening attentively in class， his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
名词/代词+to do，如：The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急， 有这么多的事情要处理。 名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语
如：He came into the room， his ears red with cold. 他进了房间，耳朵冻红了。
The meeting over， our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
He came out of the library， a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚厚的书，走出了图书馆。
值得提醒的是，当介词是in / on时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。
如：A robber burst into the room， knife in hand.= A robber burst into the room， with a knife in his hand.
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
如： 1. My shoes removed， I entered a lowceilinged room. （作时间状语 ）我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间。
2. The party will be held in the garden， weather . （2012海南卷）
A. permittingB. to permit
C. permittedD. permit （答案：A作条件状语）
如果天气允许的话，聚会将在花园里举行。
3. The boy leading the way， we had no trouble finding the strange cave. （作原因状语）由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那个奇怪的洞。
巩固练习
1. You have no idea how she finished the relay race her foot wounded so much.
A. forB. when
C. withD. while
2. what you said， he could have completed the work ahead of time.
A. Judged byB. Judged from
C. Judging fromD. To judge from
3. ， we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather
B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather
D. It being a fine weather
4. and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease，the patient sought her doctors help to end her life. （2000江西卷）
A. Having given up hope of cure
B. With no hope for cure
C. There being hope for cure
D. In the hope of cure
5. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise . （2005北京卷）
A. going onB. goes on
C. went onD. to go on
6. production up by 60%， the company has had another excellent year. （2000全国卷）
A. AsB. For
C. WithD. Through
7. two exams to worry about， I have to work really hard this weekend. （ 2004北京卷）
A. BesidesB. With
C. As forD. Because of
8. Tired， Jim was fast asleep with his back a big tree.
A. onB. in
C. againstD. for
9. The lecture ， he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. beganB. beginning
C. having begunD. being beginning
10. ， the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder
B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder
D. A gun being on shoulder
11. So far all cloned animals have suffered from some different serious disorders， dying soon after birth.
A. many of whichB. many of whom
C. many of thatD. many of them
12. ， his composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.
A. Generally speakB. Generally to speak
C. Generally spokenD. Generally speaking
13. the car accident， there is in todays paper an accurate account of it happened last night.
A. Talking of； whichB. Talking of； how
C. Talked of； whenD. Talked of； what
14. With a lot of difficult problems ， the newlyelected president is having a hard time. （2002上海卷）
A. settledB. settling
C. to settleD. being settled
15. Its quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth and his eyes .
A. closed； openB. closed； opened
C. closing； openD. closing； opening
参考答案
1—5 CCABA6—10 CBCCC11—15 DDBCA
不少老师在讲到非谓语动词作状语时，都特别强调一定要注意非谓语动词与该句主语之间的逻辑关系。如现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与该句子中的主语一致，不然，这种分词短语的逻辑主语与该句主语不一致的句子，常被称为“悬垂分词“，这样的句子通常视为错句。
如：Walking along the street， I ran across my old friend.（是I在街上走的时候，遇到了一个老朋友。）
He lay on the grass， looking into the sky. （看着天空的是躺在草地上的He ）
Not receiving any letter from him， I gave him a call. （是I 没有收到他的来信，给他打了电话）
可是，在牛津高中英语第五模块第一单元中却有这样的句子偏偏反其道而行之：
Speaking of friends， Ive met some nice people here in London and I think we might become close friends. （模快五，p.9）
（谈到朋友，我在伦敦这儿遇到了一些很好的人，我想我们会成为挚友的。）
该句中的speaking of... （谈到……），实为说话人的立场、态度和观点。这种现在分词的逻辑主语与其所在句子中的主语是可以不一致的，它仅用来表示说话人的语气、或态度、或看问题的角度，或对所叙述的情况进行解释，它们的逻辑主语，实际是说话的人，而不再是句子的主语了。它们常看成句子的一个独立成分。
常见的这种可与其逻辑主语不一致的分词短语有：
generally speaking （一般说来）； judging from / by...（根据……来判断）； talking of / speaking of...（说起……）；considering...（考虑到……）；taking... into consideration（把……考虑）等
如：Generally speaking， the more expensive， the better its quality. 一般说来， 照相机越贵，质量越好。（2005全国高考卷）
Strictly speaking， nobody is allowed in here. 严格地讲，谁也不允许在这儿。
Judging from his accent， he must be from the South. 从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。
“另类”21：With复合结构
先看下面一组高考试题：
1. With no one to in such a frightening situation，she felt very helpless. （2006陕西卷）
A. turn toB. turn on
C. turn offD. turn over（答案：A）
2. John received an invitation to dinner， and with his work ， he gladly accepted it. （2007 安徽）
A. finishedB. finishing
C. having finishedD. was finished （答案：A）
3. —Come on， please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work my mind， I almost break down. （2007 福建卷）
A. filledB. filling
C. to fillD. being filled（答案：B）
4. Now that weve discussed our problem， are people happy with the decisions ？ （2009全国I卷）
A. takingB. take
C. takenD. to take（答案：C）
5. （根据中文意义，用所给动词的适当形式填空）
由于越来越多的森林被砍伐，一些动物正面临着灭绝的危险。
With ， some animals are facing the danger of dying out. （cut）（2012湖北）
（答案： more and more forests / trees （being） cut down）
以上的一组高考试题，考查的都是“With + 名词 / 代词+补足语”结构，该结构通常称之为“With复合结构”。这种with复合结构在英语中运用广泛，在课本中也屡见不鲜，也是高考中常见的考点之一。
现将其用法及特点作一简介：
1. “with +名词 / 代词 + doing”其特点：“名词 / 代词”为doing动作的执行者（即主谓关系），且为正在进行的动作。
如：Mary felt shy with the whole class looking at her. 在全班同学的注视下，玛丽感到不好意思。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他灯亮着就睡着了。
2. “with + 名词 / 代词+ done”其特点：“名词 / 代词”为done动作的承受者（即动宾关系），表示被动或完成了的动作。 如：With the problem settled， we all felt very happy. 问题解决了，我们都非常高兴。
With all the things she needed bought， she went home happily. 需要的东西都买好了，她高高兴兴回家了。
3. “with +名词 / 代词 + to do”，其特点：“名词 / 代词”或为to do动作的执行者或为承受者，但表示将要发生的动作。
With so much work to do， I have no time for a holiday 有这么多事要做，我没有时间度假。
With so many people to help us， we are sure to finish it in time.有这么多人帮忙，我们一定能按时完成。
4. with +名词 / 代词+形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语，其特点：“名词 / 代词”与形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语为系表结构，形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语用来说明“名词 / 代词”的特征、性质、状态、位置等。
如： They were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open. 他们睁大眼睛听老师讲课。
With her mother away from home， she felt lonely. 母亲不在家，她感到孤独。
He walked into the dark street with a stick in his hand. 他拿着拐杖走在黑暗的大街上。
With复合结构 用作状语，可表示条件、原因、时间、伴随、方式等情况；可以和相应的状语从句转换。
（1）表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
如： With you to help us， we will be able to finish the work in time.
=If you help us， we will be able to finish the work in time.
有你帮助我们，我们就能及时完成这项工作。
（2）表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
如：With two exams to take， I have to work really hard this weekend.
=As there are two exams to worry about， I have to work really hard this weekend.
因为有两场考试要参加，这个周末我真的要努力了。
（3）表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
如：With the work done， we went shopping.
=After the work was done， we went shopping. 工作做完后，我们就去购物了。
（4）表示伴随，相当于一个并列句。
如：The boy sat at the corner， with tears welling up in his eyes.
=The boy sat at the corner， and tears were welling up in his eyes. 小男孩坐在角落里， 眼中含满泪水。
（5）表示方式， 相当于一个并列句。
如：He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他头枕着胳膊睡着了。
=He was asleep and his head was on his arms.
With复合结构 也可用作定语，相当于一个定语从句，修饰前面的名词。
如：I like stamps with a bird design on them.
=I like stamps on which there is a bird design. 我喜欢有鸟类图案的邮票。
Anyone with its eyes in his head can see its exactly like a rope.
=Anyone who has eyes in his head can see its exactly like a rope.
任何一个头上长着眼睛的人都能看出它完全像一条绳子。
“另类”22：独立主格结构
独立主格结构，是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语或动词不定式或形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。（我们也可以把独立主格结构看成是把With复合结构中的with去掉的结构，其用法与With复合结构用法基本相同；）
名词/代词+doing，如：Weather permitting， we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
名词/代词+done，如：He was listening attentively in class， his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
名词/代词+to do，如：The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急， 有这么多的事情要处理。 名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语
如：He came into the room， his ears red with cold. 他进了房间，耳朵冻红了。
The meeting over， our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
He came out of the library， a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚厚的书，走出了图书馆。
值得提醒的是，当介词是in / on时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。
如：A robber burst into the room， knife in hand.= A robber burst into the room， with a knife in his hand.
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
如： 1. My shoes removed， I entered a lowceilinged room. （作时间状语 ）我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间。
2. The party will be held in the garden， weather . （2012海南卷）
A. permittingB. to permit
C. permittedD. permit （答案：A作条件状语）
如果天气允许的话，聚会将在花园里举行。
3. The boy leading the way， we had no trouble finding the strange cave. （作原因状语）由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那个奇怪的洞。
巩固练习
1. You have no idea how she finished the relay race her foot wounded so much.
A. forB. when
C. withD. while
2. what you said， he could have completed the work ahead of time.
A. Judged byB. Judged from
C. Judging fromD. To judge from
3. ， we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather
B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather
D. It being a fine weather
4. and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease，the patient sought her doctors help to end her life. （2000江西卷）
A. Having given up hope of cure
B. With no hope for cure
C. There being hope for cure
D. In the hope of cure
5. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise . （2005北京卷）
A. going onB. goes on
C. went onD. to go on
6. production up by 60%， the company has had another excellent year. （2000全国卷）
A. AsB. For
C. WithD. Through
7. two exams to worry about， I have to work really hard this weekend. （ 2004北京卷）
A. BesidesB. With
C. As forD. Because of
8. Tired， Jim was fast asleep with his back a big tree.
A. onB. in
C. againstD. for
9. The lecture ， he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. beganB. beginning
C. having begunD. being beginning
10. ， the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder
B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder
D. A gun being on shoulder
11. So far all cloned animals have suffered from some different serious disorders， dying soon after birth.
A. many of whichB. many of whom
C. many of thatD. many of them
12. ， his composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.
A. Generally speakB. Generally to speak
C. Generally spokenD. Generally speaking
13. the car accident， there is in todays paper an accurate account of it happened last night.
A. Talking of； whichB. Talking of； how
C. Talked of； whenD. Talked of； what
14. With a lot of difficult problems ， the newlyelected president is having a hard time. （2002上海卷）
A. settledB. settling
C. to settleD. being settled
15. Its quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth and his eyes .
A. closed； openB. closed； opened
C. closing； openD. closing； opening
参考答案
1—5 CCABA6—10 CBCCC11—15 DDBCA