In order to investigate the effects of puerarin on pulmonary vascular remodeling and protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) in chronic exposure smoke rats, 54 male Wistar rats were randomly di- vided into 7 groups: control group (C group), smoke exposure groups (S4w group, Saw group), puer- arin groups (P4w group, P8w group), propylene glycol control groups (PC4w group,PC8w group). Rats were exposed to cigarette smoke or air for 4 to 8 weeks. Rats in puerarin groups also received puer- arin. To evaluate vascular remodeling, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SM-actin) staining was used to count the percentage of completely muscularised vessels to intraacinar pulmonary arteries (CMA/IAPA) which was determined by morphometric analysis of histological sections. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) apoptosis was detected by in situ end labeling technique (TUNEL), and proliferation by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining. Reverse transcrip- tion-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis were done to detect the PKC-α mRNA and protein expression in pulmonary arteries. The results showed that in cigarette smoke-exposed rats the percentage of CMA/IAPA and α-SM-actin expres- sion were increased greatly, PASMC apoptosis was increased and proliferation was markedly in- creased; Apoptosis indices (AI) and proliferation indices (PI) were higher than in C group; AI and PI were correlated with vascular remodeling indices; The expression of PKC-ct mRNA and protein in pulmonary arteries was significantly higher than in C group. In rats treated with puerarin, the per- eentage of CMA/IAPA and cell proliferation was reduced, whereas PASMC apoptosis was increased; The expression levels of PKC-α mRNA and protein were lower than in smoke exposure rats. There was no difference among all these data between S groups and PC groups. These findings suggested that cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling was most likely an effect of the imbal- ance of PASMC proliferation and apoptosis. Puerarin appears to be able to reduce cell proliferation and vascular remodeling possibly through PKC signaling transduction pathway.