国有企业经济效益低下的问题目前正困扰着经济改革的进程。国有经济效益低下的原因何在?国有经济在整个国民经济中应占多大比重?怎样才能找到提高国有经济效益的出路?一直是人们探讨与争论的热点。曹思源同志在《改革国有企业的新思路》 (《探求》1996年第1期)一文(以下简称曹文)中提出,国有企业经济效益低下的病根在于国有制比重太高,并认为只有把国有制在国民经济中的比重降至20％左右才相宜,其根据是我国目前“国有制这么高的比重如果不降下来,任何别的办法都不可能使国有经济和整个国民经济从根本上走出困境。”对于这种思路,笔者不敢苟同。笔者认为,国有企业经济效益低下的原因很多也很复杂,其所占比重大只是其中原因之一而非根本原因。现详述如下,与曹思源同志商榷。 国有企业经济效益低寻因 对于国有制企业经济效益低下的原因,笔者认为起码应包括以下几个方面: 首先,国有经济的产权不清、权责不明确,导致了国有企业内部经营机制与管理体制的缺位与紊乱,企业的生存和发展缺乏约束机制与激励机制,国家、企业、职工三者之间的关系也就难以理顺。国家出于财政亡的考虑,要求多收利税,使国有企业不堪重负;企业却只负盈不负亏,经营者出于“政绩”上的考虑,追求眼前利 The problem of low economic efficiency of state-owned enterprises is currently plaguing the process of economic reform. What are the reasons for the low state-owned economic efficiency? What proportion of the state-owned economy should be included in the entire national economy? How can we find a way to improve the economic benefits of the state? This has always been the focus of debate and debate. Comrade Cao Siyuan pointed out in his article “Reforming New Ideas for State-owned Enterprises” (“Exploration” 1996, No. 1) (hereinafter referred to as Cao Wen) that the root cause of the low economic efficiency of state-owned enterprises lies in the fact that the proportion of state-owned enterprises is too high, and believes that only The proportion of the state-owned economy in the national economy is only about 20%. It is based on the fact that if China’s current high proportion of state ownership does not fall, it will be impossible for the state-owned economy and the entire national economy to fundamentally Out of the predicament.” I do not agree with this idea. The author believes that the reasons for the low economic efficiency of state-owned enterprises are many and complex, and their major share is only one of the reasons but not the root cause. The details are as follows. Discuss with Comrade Cao Siyuan. The reason for the low economic efficiency of state-owned enterprises is that the reasons for the low economic benefits of state-owned enterprises are as follows: First, the property rights of the state-owned economy are unclear and the rights and responsibilities are unclear, leading to the internal management mechanism and management of state-owned enterprises. With regard to the absence and dislocation of the system, the lack of restraint mechanisms and incentive mechanisms for the survival and development of enterprises, the relationship among the state, enterprises, and employees is also difficult to straighten out. The state’s consideration of fiscal collapse requires that profits and taxes be collected more than necessary to make the state-owned enterprises overwhelmed; the enterprises are only responsible for losses and profits, and the operators are pursuing immediate interests due to “political achievements”.